{"id":100546,"date":"2026-04-27T17:33:33","date_gmt":"2026-04-27T12:03:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=100546"},"modified":"2026-04-27T17:33:33","modified_gmt":"2026-04-27T12:03:33","slug":"later-mughals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/later-mughals\/","title":{"rendered":"Later Mughals (1707-1858), Decline, Rulers, Causes &#038; Key Events"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The period of the <\/span><b>Later Mughals (1707-1858)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> marks the gradual disintegration of one of India\u2019s greatest empires. After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 CE, the Mughal Empire entered a phase of political instability, weak leadership, and regional fragmentation. This era is often contrasted with the earlier \u201cGreat Mughals\u201d and is characterized by declining central authority, rise of regional powers, and increasing interference of foreign invaders and European trading companies.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>1. Bahadur Shah I \/ Shah Alam I \/ Muazzam (1707-1712)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ascended the throne at the age of <\/span><b>63<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after the death of Aurangzeb following a <\/span><b>war of succession<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adopted a <\/span><b>liberal and conciliatory policy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> towards nobles by granting jagirs and promotions, which <\/span><b>weakened the financial condition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the empire.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Real administrative power was largely exercised by his <\/span><b>wazir Zulfiqar Khan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, indicating declining imperial authority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Followed a <\/span><b>policy of religious tolerance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but <\/span><b>did not abolish jizya<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, showing a balanced but cautious approach.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recognized the <\/span><b>independence of Marwar and Mewar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but failed to secure their full loyalty to the Mughal cause.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adopted a <\/span><b>half-hearted policy towards the Marathas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Released Shahu but did not recognize him as the rightful ruler<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Granted <\/span><b>Sardeshmukhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but denied <\/span><b>Chauth<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, leading to dissatisfaction<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Continued conflicts with <\/span><b>Marathas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who also fought among themselves<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allied with <\/span><b>Jat chief Churaman<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and Chhatrasal against the Sikhs<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Granted high mansab to Guru Gobind Singh<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Faced rebellion from Banda Singh Bahadur<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Died in <\/span><b>1712<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during a campaign against Banda Bahadur<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nicknamed <\/span><b>\u201cShah-i-Bekhabar\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by historian<\/span><b> Khafi Khan<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>2. Jahandar Shah (1712-1713)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First <\/span><b>\u201cpuppet ruler\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Mughal Empire, marking the rise of <\/span><b>nobles as kingmakers<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dependent on wazir <\/span><b>Zulfiqar Khan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who controlled administration<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zulfiqar Khan\u2019s policies:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Established <\/span><b>friendly relations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/maratha-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Marathas<\/strong><\/a>, Rajputs, and Hindu chiefs<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Abolished jizya<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and promoted Hindu nobles<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Granted titles:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cMaharaja\u201d to Ajit Singh (Marwar)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cMirza Raj Sawai\u201d to Jai Singh of Amber<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Granted <\/span><b>Chauth and Sardeshmukhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to Marathas<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Continued <\/span><b>suppression of Sikhs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under Banda Bahadur<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduced <\/span><b>Ijarah system (revenue farming),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which led to <\/span><b>peasant exploitation<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tried to improve finances by:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlling jagir grants<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enforcing troop quotas for mansabdars<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Court dominated by his favourite <\/span><b>Lal Kanwar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, showing moral and political decline<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defeated by Farrukh Siyar<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>3. Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farrukh Siyar came to power with help of the <\/span><b>Sayyid Brothers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abdullah Khan (Wazir)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hussain Ali Khan (Mir Bakshi)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sayyid Brothers became powerful <\/span><b>\u201ckingmakers\u201d<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Executed Zulfiqar Khan and dominated administration<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Followed a <\/span><b>policy of reconciliation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Made peace with Marathas, Rajputs, Jats<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suppressed Sikh revolt; executed Banda Singh Bahadur<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Issued <\/span><b>1717 Farman<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> granting major trade privileges to East India Company:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Duty-free trade in Bengal<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strengthened British economic power<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abolished <\/span><b>jizya and pilgrimage taxes<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conflict with Sayyid Brothers:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Attempted to overthrow them multiple times<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Failed due to their military and political strength<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>1719<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Sayyid Brothers allied with Balaji Vishwanath<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Farrukh Siyar was <\/span><b>killed by Sayyid Brothers<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>4. Rafi-ud-Darajat (1719)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Installed by Sayyid Brothers as a <\/span><b>puppet ruler<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the <\/span><b>three short-lived emperors in 1719<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reign lasted only <\/span><b>a few months<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Faced rebellion by <\/span><b>Nikusiyar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, grandson of Aurangzeb<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Died due to ill health<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>5. Rafi-ud-Daulah \/ Shah Jahan II (1719)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rafi-ud-Daulah was the brother of Rafi-ud-Darajat<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also controlled by Sayyid Brothers<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hussain Ali Khan suppressed Nikusiyar\u2019s revolt<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Died shortly due to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/tuberculosis-tb\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>tuberculosis<\/b><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another example of <\/span><b>political instability and puppet rule<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>6. Muhammad Shah (1719-1748)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Original name Roshan Akhtar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, grandson of Bahadur Shah I, ascended the throne in <\/span><b>1719<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during a period of <\/span><b>political instability and puppet rulers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initially remained under the control of the <\/span><b>Sayyid Brothers (kingmakers)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, who dominated Mughal administration and decision-making.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>1720<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, he <\/span><b>overthrew the Sayyid Brothers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with the help of Nizam-ul-Mulk, Chin Qilich Khan, and Muhammad Amin Khan, and <\/span><b>ended their dominance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after the assassination of Hussain Ali Khan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Known for his indulgence in <\/span><b>music, dance (especially Kathak), and courtly pleasures<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which earned him the title <\/span><b>\u201cRangeela\u201d (colourful)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Mughal court became a centre of <\/span><b>cultural activities, art, and literature<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, leading to a <\/span><b>revival of <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/hindustani-music\/\" target=\"_blank\">Hindustani classical music<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, despite declining political strength.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Failed to manage powerful nobles, resulting in the <\/span><b>rise of semi-independent regional states<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as Hyderabad under Nizam-ul-Mulk, Awadh under Saadat Khan, and Bengal under Murshid Quli Khan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These provinces remained <\/span><b>nominally under Mughal authority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but functioned <\/span><b>independently in practice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, weakening the empire\u2019s unity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Mughal military became <\/span><b>inefficient, undisciplined, and outdated<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with a declining mansabdari system and lack of proper leadership and coordination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most significant event of his reign was the invasion of Nadir Shah in <\/span><b>1739<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which marked a <\/span><b>major turning point in Mughal decline<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Causes of invasion included <\/span><b>breakdown of diplomatic relations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, shelter given to Afghan rebels, detention of Persian envoys, and internal disunity among Mughal nobles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nadir Shah captured key regions like <\/span><b>Kabul, Peshawar, and Lahore<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and decisively defeated the Mughal army in the Battle of Karnal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muhammad Shah was forced to <\/span><b>surrender<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and accompany Nadir Shah to Delhi, where a <\/span><b>massive massacre and plunder<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> took place.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Persian army looted enormous wealth including the <\/span><b>Kohinoor diamond and Peacock Throne<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, severely damaging the Mughal treasury.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The invasion resulted in <\/span><b>huge economic loss, population suffering, and complete humiliation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Mughal Empire.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He was compelled to cede <\/span><b>territories west of the Indus River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, reducing Mughal territorial control.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The invasion exposed the empire\u2019s weaknesses to rising powers like the <\/span><b>Marathas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and foreign entities such as the East India Company.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall, his period accelerated the <\/span><b>decline of centralized authority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, couraged the <\/span><b>rise of regional kingdoms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and paved the way for <\/span><b>British political expansion in India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>7. Ahmad Shah (1748-1754)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ascended throne (1748)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as son of Muhammad Shah; lacked <\/span><b>administrative and military ability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Became a <\/span><b>puppet ruler<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with real power in hands of nobles, especially <\/span><b>Imad-ul-Mulk (wazir)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Faced repeated invasions by Ahmad Shah Abdali, exposing <\/span><b>Mughal military weakness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lost <\/span><b>Punjab and Multan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to Abdali, leading to major <\/span><b>territorial decline<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Marathas expanded<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and captured <\/span><b>Malwa and Bundelkhand<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, reducing Mughal influence further.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marked by <\/span><b>court intrigues, factionalism, and weak governance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, causing administrative collapse.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Deposed, blinded, and imprisoned<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Imad-ul-Mulk, symbol of <\/span><b>complete decline of Mughal authority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>8. Alamgir II (1754-1759)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ascended throne (1754)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after the deposition of Ahmad Shah Bahadur; placed on throne by <\/span><b>Imad-ul-Mulk (wazir)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a <\/span><b>puppet ruler<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Real authority remained with <\/span><b>Imad-ul-Mulk<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, reflecting extreme <\/span><b>decline of central power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Faced repeated invasions by Ahmad Shah Abdali, further weakening the empire.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During his reign, the Battle of Plassey took place, enabling the East India Company to gain control over Bengal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mughal Empire suffered from <\/span><b>political instability, foreign invasions, and loss of territories<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emperor had <\/span><b>no real administrative or military control<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, reduced to a symbolic figure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Murdered by Imad-ul-Mulk (1759)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, highlights the dominance of nobles and collapse of imperial authority.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>9. Shah Alam II (1759-1806)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ascended throne (1759)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as Ali Gauhar during a period of extreme <\/span><b>Mughal decline and instability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Faced conflict with nobles; <\/span><b>fled to Awadh (1761\u20131764)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> due to lack of control over Delhi.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His reign saw the <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/third-battle-of-panipat\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Third Battle of Panipat<\/strong><\/a> between Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defeated in the Battle of Buxar against the East India Company.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under the <\/span><b>Treaty of Allahabad (1765)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, granted <\/span><b>Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the Company.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Became the <\/span><b>first Mughal emperor to receive a pension from the <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/british-east-india-company\/\" target=\"_blank\">East India Company<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, showing loss of sovereignty.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mughal authority reduced to Delhi region only reflected in saying <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cKingdom from Delhi to Palam\u201d<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>10. Akbar II (1806-1837)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ascended the throne (1806)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as the son of Shah Alam II, during a time when Mughal power was <\/span><b>almost nominal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functioned under the <\/span><b>protection and control of the East India Company<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with no real political authority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>1835<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the Company <\/span><b>stopped issuing coins in the Mughal emperor\u2019s name<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, symbolizing the <\/span><b>end of Mughal sovereignty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conferred the title <\/span><b>\u201cRaja\u201d on <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/raja-ram-mohan-roy\/\" target=\"_blank\">Raja Ram Mohan Roy<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and sent him as an ambassador to Britain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Known for promoting <\/span><b>Hindu-Muslim unity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, associated with the <\/span><b>Phool Walon Ki Sair festival<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A patron of <\/span><b>poetry and culture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, though politically weak.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His reign reflects the stage where the Mughal emperor was merely a <\/span><b>symbolic figure under British dominance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>11. Bahadur Shah II (1837-1858)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ascended the throne (1837)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as the son of Akbar II; the <\/span><b>last Mughal emperor<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with only <\/span><b>nominal authority under the East India Company<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A distinguished <\/span><b>poet, calligrapher, and patron of culture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, wrote under the pen name <\/span><b>\u201cZafar\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Had <\/span><b>no real political or military power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; authority limited mainly to <\/span><b>Red Fort (Delhi)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Became the <\/span><b>symbolic leader of the <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/revolt-of-1857\/\" target=\"_blank\">Revolt of 1857<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as rebels sought legitimacy under the Mughal name.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After suppression of the revolt, he was <\/span><b>captured by the British<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and his sons were executed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Exiled to Rangoon (Myanmar)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in 1858, marking the <\/span><b>formal end of Mughal rule in India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Died in <\/span><b>1862 in exile<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, symbolizing the <\/span><b>complete collapse of the Mughal Empire<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Causes of Decline of Mughal Empire<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The decline of the Mughal Empire began after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, when strong centralized control weakened and internal conflicts intensified. Over time, administrative inefficiency, economic crisis, regional revolts, and foreign invasions led to the gradual collapse of imperial authority.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Responsibility of Aurangzeb\u2019s Policies<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over-expansion of the empire made administration difficult.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Continuous <\/span><b>Deccan campaigns<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> drained treasury and resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Religious policies created <\/span><b>discontent among Sikhs, Jats, and Rajputs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weak Successors<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later rulers lacked <\/span><b>leadership and administrative ability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Focus shifted to <\/span><b>luxury and court pleasures<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> instead of governance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Central authority weakened rapidly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rise of Powerful Nobles<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nobles became <\/span><b>\u201ckingmakers\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and controlled emperors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formation of <\/span><b>factions and court intrigues<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> destabilized administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many nobles established <\/span><b>independent states<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Military Weakness<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Army became <\/span><b>undisciplined, outdated, and inefficient<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mansabdari system weakened loyalty to the emperor.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lack of modern weapons and poor coordination.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Financial Crisis<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Empty treasury due to wars and lavish lifestyle of rulers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decline in <\/span><b>agriculture and trade revenue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Excessive jagir grants reduced state income.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rise of Regional Powers<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emergence of <\/span><b>Marathas, Sikhs, Jats<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> challenged Mughal authority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provinces like <\/span><b>Hyderabad, Awadh, Bengal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> became independent.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Foreign Invasions<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Invasion of Nadir Shah (1739) devastated Delhi and treasury.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Repeated invasions by Ahmad Shah Abdali weakened northern India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Growth of European Powers<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">East India Company gained economic and political power.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Superior naval strength and trade control helped Europeans dominate India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Administrative Weakness<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Corruption, inefficiency, and lack of control over provinces.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Communication and coordination problems in a vast empire.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Rise of Regional Powers<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The decline of the Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb led to the weakening of central authority and inability to control distant provinces. This resulted in the emergence of powerful regional states that asserted independence while the Mughal emperor became only a nominal ruler.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>States Formed by Former Mughal Nobles<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These states were founded by <\/span><b>powerful Mughal governors (subedars) and mansabdars<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who took advantage of imperial weakness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They maintained <\/span><b>nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but exercised <\/span><b>complete administrative and military autonomy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Developed <\/span><b>efficient revenue systems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and strong regional administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlled rich agricultural and trade regions, which strengthened their economic base.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Bengal (Murshid Quli Khan)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Founded by <\/span><b>Murshid Quli Khan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, originally a Mughal diwan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shifted capital from Dhaka to <\/span><b>Murshidabad<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for better control.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduced <\/span><b>strict revenue reforms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and increased state income.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Became one of the <\/span><b>richest provinces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> due to flourishing trade and agriculture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintained internal stability but became vulnerable to the East India Company, leading to loss after the Battle of Plassey.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Awadh (Saadat Khan)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Founded by <\/span><b>Saadat Khan Burhan-ul-Mulk<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Established a <\/span><b>strong administrative and military system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlled fertile <\/span><b>Gangetic plains<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ensuring high revenue.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintained a <\/span><b>semi-independent status<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> while recognizing Mughal authority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Became a major political center and later came under British influence after the Battle of Buxar.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Hyderabad (Nizam-ul-Mulk)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk in the Deccan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Established <\/span><b>Asaf Jahi dynasty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with Hyderabad as capital.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exercised <\/span><b>complete independence in administration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> while maintaining formal ties with Mughals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Built a <\/span><b>powerful army and bureaucracy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frequently engaged in conflicts with <\/span><b>Marathas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and other regional powers.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Watan Jagir States (Rajput States)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These were <\/span><b>hereditary kingdoms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that had accepted Mughal suzerainty earlier.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enjoyed <\/span><b>internal autonomy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and governed their territories independently.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provided <\/span><b>military service to the Mughals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when required.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintained strong <\/span><b>regional identity and traditions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Rajput States (Marwar, Mewar, Amber)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ruled by powerful Rajput clans like Rathores and Sisodias.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asserted independence during Mughal decline.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintained <\/span><b>diplomatic relations and occasional alliances<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with Mughals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Played a key role in <\/span><b>regional politics of North India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Rebellion-Based States<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emerged through <\/span><b>armed resistance against Mughal authority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on <\/span><b>ethnic, regional, or religious unity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Became powerful military forces challenging Mughal supremacy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Marathas<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emerged as the <\/span><b>strongest regional power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under the Peshwas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Followed expansionist policy aiming at a <\/span><b>Hindu Empire<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduced systems like <\/span><b>Chauth and Sardeshmukhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extended control over large parts of India including <\/span><b>Malwa, Bundelkhand, and Deccan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Played a decisive role in weakening the Mughal Empire.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Sikhs<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organized under leaders after Guru Gobind Singh.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strengthened by resistance against Mughal oppression.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under leaders like Banda Bahadur, challenged Mughal authority in Punjab.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later evolved into a powerful political force in North India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Jats<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peasant-based uprising turned into a regional power.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Established control in areas around <\/span><b>Bharatpur and Mathura<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Played an important role in weakening Mughal authority in North India.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Understand the Later Mughals (1707\u20131857), their rulers, reasons for decline, major invasions, key battles, and the rise of regional states &#038; British power in India.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":100536,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[4894],"class_list":{"0":"post-100546","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-modern-history","9":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=100546"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100553,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/100546\/revisions\/100553"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/100536"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}