{"id":103161,"date":"2026-05-12T17:30:32","date_gmt":"2026-05-12T12:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=103161"},"modified":"2026-05-12T17:30:32","modified_gmt":"2026-05-12T12:00:32","slug":"micro-irrigation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/micro-irrigation\/","title":{"rendered":"Micro Irrigation, Meaning, Types, Status, Importance, Challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India is facing a growing water crisis due to increasing population pressure, over-exploitation of groundwater, climate change, and inefficient irrigation practices. Agriculture alone consumes nearly 80% of the country\u2019s freshwater resources, while conventional flood irrigation leads to large-scale water wastage. In this context, micro irrigation has emerged as an important solution for improving irrigation efficiency, conserving water, and promoting sustainable agriculture.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Micro Irrigation Meaning\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>Micro irrigation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a <\/span><b>modern irrigation technique<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in which <\/span><b>water is supplied directly and slowly to the root<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> zone of crops through a network of pipes, emitters, drippers, or sprinklers in a controlled manner with minimum wastage of water.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Major Types of Micro Irrigation<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Micro irrigation systems are mainly classified based on the method through which water is delivered to crops in a controlled and efficient manner. The <\/span><b>two major types of micro irrigation are drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation.<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Drip Irrigation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: In drip irrigation, water is supplied drop by drop directly to the root zone of plants through pipes and emitters. It helps minimise water wastage and is highly suitable for horticultural crops, vegetables, sugarcane, cotton, and orchards.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sprinkler Irrigation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: In sprinkler irrigation, water is sprayed over crops in the form of artificial rainfall through rotating sprinklers and nozzles. It is suitable for uneven land, sandy soils, and crops such as wheat, pulses, and oilseeds.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Present Status of Micro Irrigation in India<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has an estimated <\/span><b>micro irrigation potential of nearly 70 million hectares (mh)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. However, <\/span><b>only around 14 million hectares are currently under micro irrigation coverage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. According to the Committee on Doubling Farmers\u2019 Income (Dalwai Committee), adoption of micro irrigation can:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reduce water consumption by nearly 40%.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Increase agricultural productivity by around 45%.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enhance farmers\u2019 income by almost 50%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This highlights the vast untapped potential of micro irrigation in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Micro Irrigation Benefits\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Micro irrigation has emerged as an effective solution for improving water-use efficiency, enhancing agricultural productivity, and promoting sustainable farming practices in India. By supplying water directly to the root zone in a controlled manner, it reduces wastage and improves overall farm efficiency.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Improves Irrigation Efficiency: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Micro irrigation significantly improves irrigation efficiency by reducing water losses caused by evaporation, runoff, and seepage. It can increase irrigation efficiency from nearly 38% under conventional methods to around 90%.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Conserves Water Resources: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since water is supplied directly to plant roots in small quantities, micro irrigation helps save 30\u201370% water compared to traditional flood irrigation methods. This is particularly important in water-stressed and drought-prone regions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Enhances Crop Productivity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Timely and precise water supply improves nutrient absorption, plant growth, and crop health, leading to higher agricultural productivity and better crop yields.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Promotes Efficient Fertiliser Use: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Micro irrigation supports <\/span><b>fertigation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in which fertilisers are mixed with irrigation water and supplied directly to the roots. This improves fertilizer-use efficiency and reduces nutrient wastage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reduces Waterlogging and Soil Salinity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Controlled irrigation prevents excessive accumulation of water in fields, thereby reducing problems of waterlogging and soil salinity that are common under flood irrigation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Increases Farmers\u2019 Income: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Higher productivity, lower input costs, and efficient use of water and fertilisers help improve farm profitability and increase farmers\u2019 income.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reduces Weed Growth: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As water is supplied only near the root zone of crops, unnecessary wetting of surrounding soil is avoided, which reduces weed growth and lowers labour costs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Saves Energy and Labour: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Micro irrigation requires less water pumping and allows automation in irrigation practices, thereby reducing energy consumption and labour requirements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Supports Climate-Resilient Agriculture: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Efficient water management through micro irrigation helps agriculture adapt to droughts, erratic rainfall, and climate change-related challenges.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Suitable for Uneven and Water-Scarce Areas: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Micro irrigation systems can be effectively used in hilly terrain, sandy soils, arid regions, and areas with limited water availability, making them suitable for diverse agro-climatic conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Government Initiatives to Promote Micro Irrigation<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Government of India has launched several schemes and institutional initiatives to promote micro irrigation in order to improve water-use efficiency, conserve groundwater, enhance agricultural productivity, and promote climate-resilient agriculture.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana was <\/span><b>launched in 2015 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to improve irrigation coverage and promote efficient water management in agriculture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PMKSY was formed by merging schemes such as the Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP), and On-Farm Water Management (OFWM).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The scheme operates under the slogan <\/span><b>\u201cHar Khet Ko Pani, More Crop Per Drop.\u201d<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PMKSY aims to expand irrigation access, improve water-use efficiency, reduce water wastage, and promote sustainable irrigation practices.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Per Drop More Crop (PDMC)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a central government scheme to promote micro-irrigation \u2014 drip or sprinkler systems \u2014 which is implemented by the Department of Agriculture &amp; Farmers\u2019 Welfare.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The scheme was <\/span><b>launched in 2006<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and was subsumed into the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sichai Yojna (PMKSY) in 2015 as one of its four components.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>funding is provided by the centre is around 40 per cent and the rest is financed by states and farmers themselves<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The proportion is different in hilly and north-eastern states.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main objectives of the scheme are to enhance water-use efficiency and increase productivity, thus bolstering farmer incomes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Micro Irrigation Fund was <\/span><b>established under <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/national-bank-for-agriculture-and-rural-development-nabard\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development<\/a> (NABARD) with a corpus of \u20b95,000 crore.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The fund was <\/span><b>operationalised in 2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to expand micro irrigation coverage beyond the limits of PMKSY.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The scheme is committed to providing access to irrigation for the agricultural farm by prioritising water conservation and its management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has several benefits such as higher subsidy on micro irrigation systems, free service for 3 years after installation of micro irrigation systems and water use efficiency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>States can avail the fund in form of a loan from NABARD at 3 per cent below the cost of funds and the 3 per cent being compensated by central government.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture promotes efficient water management as part of climate-resilient agriculture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NMSA <\/span><b>integrates micro irrigation with soil health management, rainfed area development, agro-forestry, and efficient on-farm water management practices.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The mission supports sustainable agricultural practices to address climate change and water scarcity challenges.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Har Medh Par Ped (HMPP)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Har Medh Par Ped initiative <\/span><b>promotes tree plantation along farm boundaries to reduce water evaporation and conserve soil moisture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It integrates agro-forestry with water conservation and complements micro irrigation efforts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Agricultural Infrastructure Fund (AIF)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agricultural Infrastructure Fund was launched with a <\/span><b>corpus of \u20b91 lakh crore<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to strengthen agricultural infrastructure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The scheme provides <\/span><b>interest subvention of 3% for micro irrigation projects<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> undertaken by Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), cooperatives, and agri-entrepreneurs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AIF promotes <\/span><b>cluster-based adoption of micro irrigation systems <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">through <\/span><b>collective financing mechanisms.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana provides flexible funding support to states for agricultural development initiatives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">States use RKVY funds to supplement PMKSY subsidies and promote innovative irrigation projects such as solar-powered drip systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The scheme encourages state-specific solutions for improving irrigation efficiency.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation (SMAM)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation supports Custom Hiring Centres that may provide micro irrigation equipment to farmers on a rental basis. This reduces financial barriers for small and marginal farmers who cannot afford irrigation equipment individually.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>State-Level Initiatives<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gujarat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> established the Gujarat Green Revolution Company (GGRC) as a dedicated institution for promoting micro irrigation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Andhra Pradesh and Telangana <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">provide aggressive subsidy support for micro irrigation in crops such as sugarcane, cotton, and horticulture crops.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Maharashtra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> integrated watershed development and micro irrigation under the Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan. The state has promoted drip irrigation in drought-prone regions such as Marathwada and Vidarbha.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rajasthan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> promotes sprinkler irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions where water availability is limited.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Tamil Nadu<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> implemented the Tamil Nadu Micro Irrigation Project (TNMIP) with World Bank assistance. The project focuses on expanding irrigation coverage among small and marginal farmers and women farmers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Institutional and Technological Support<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Indian Council of Agricultural Research<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> develops location-specific micro irrigation technologies suitable for different agro-climatic conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/krishi-vigyan-kendra\/\" target=\"_blank\">Krishi Vigyan Kendras<\/a> (KVKs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> conduct farmer training, demonstrations, and awareness programmes on drip and sprinkler irrigation systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>PMKSY MIS Portal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> enables online monitoring and tracking of micro irrigation implementation across states.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/direct-benefit-transfer\/\" target=\"_blank\">Direct Benefit Transfer<\/a> (DBT)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is increasingly used to transfer subsidies directly into farmers\u2019 bank accounts to reduce leakages.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pilot projects using IoT-based smart irrigation systems, soil moisture sensors, and automated drip systems are being promoted for precision irrigation management.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Challenges Associated with Micro Irrigation<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite several government initiatives and the growing recognition of micro irrigation as a solution to India\u2019s water crisis, its large-scale adoption remains limited due to multiple economic, institutional, technical, and behavioural challenges<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>High Initial Cost<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Installation of drip and sprinkler systems requires significant investment, making them unaffordable for many small and marginal farmers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Recurring Maintenance Costs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Frequent wear and tear of pipes, emitters, and filters increases operational and maintenance expenses.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Limited Access to Credit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Many farmers face difficulties in obtaining affordable institutional loans for micro irrigation equipment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Subsidised Water and Electricity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Cheap canal water and subsidised electricity reduce incentives for adopting water-efficient irrigation methods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Limited Suitability for Certain Crops<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Crops such as paddy have limited compatibility with micro irrigation systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Regional Disparities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Adoption of micro irrigation remains concentrated mainly in western and southern states of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Lack of Awareness and Technical Knowledge<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Many farmers lack proper training regarding installation, operation, and maintenance of micro irrigation systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dependence on Reliable Electricity Supply:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Irregular rural power supply affects the effective functioning of drip and sprinkler systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Water Quality Issues<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Saline or impure water can clog emitters and reduce irrigation efficiency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Delays in Subsidy Disbursement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Administrative delays in subsidy release discourage farmers from adopting micro irrigation technologies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Fragmented Landholdings<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Around 86% of Indian farmers are small and marginal farmers with landholdings below 2 hectares, making installation and efficient operation of micro irrigation systems economically difficult.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weak Institutional Coordination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Poor coordination among agriculture, irrigation, and financial agencies affects effective implementation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Water-Intensive Cropping Pattern:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Continued cultivation of highly water-consuming crops such as paddy and sugarcane in water-scarce states like Punjab and Maharashtra reduces the overall water-saving benefits of micro irrigation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Way Forward<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rationalise Water and Electricity Subsidies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Reducing distortions in water and power pricing can encourage efficient irrigation practices.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Promote Crop Diversification<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Shifting from water-intensive crops to less water-consuming crops can improve sustainability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Strengthen Institutional Credit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Easier access to affordable loans and subsidies should be ensured for small farmers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Separate Agricultural Feeder Lines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Dedicated feeder lines can improve power supply management and reduce groundwater overuse.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Regulate Groundwater Extraction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Strong groundwater governance and monitoring systems are necessary for long-term water security.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Integrate Technology and Water Conservation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Combining micro irrigation with rainwater harvesting, AI-based irrigation systems, and precision farming can improve water-use efficiency.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Micro irrigation improves water efficiency in agriculture through drip and sprinkler systems. Know its meaning, benefits, schemes, challenges, and role in water conservation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":103151,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[7502],"class_list":{"0":"post-103161","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-micro-irrigation","9":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103161","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=103161"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103161\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":103165,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/103161\/revisions\/103165"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/103151"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=103161"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=103161"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=103161"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}