{"id":109529,"date":"2026-06-23T15:46:26","date_gmt":"2026-06-23T10:16:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=109529"},"modified":"2026-06-23T15:46:26","modified_gmt":"2026-06-23T10:16:26","slug":"manas-biosphere-reserve","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/manas-biosphere-reserve\/","title":{"rendered":"Manas Biosphere Reserve, Location, Biodiversity, Threats, UNESCO site"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Manas Biosphere Reserve<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a <\/span><b>protected natural area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> located in the state of <\/span><b>Assam<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in <\/span><b>northeastern India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It is known for its <\/span><b>rich forests<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>grasslands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>diverse wildlife<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The reserve plays an important role in <\/span><b>nature conservation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> while also supporting <\/span><b>local communities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> living nearby. It is recognized for its <\/span><b>ecological importance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and is home to many <\/span><b>rare and endangered species<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making it a valuable part of <\/span><b>India\u2019s natural heritage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Manas Biosphere Reserve Location<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The park is located in the state of <\/span><b>Assam<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, in the <\/span><b>foothills of the Eastern Himalayas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and shares an international boundary with <\/span><b>Royal Manas National Park,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> forming an important <\/span><b>transboundary conservation landscape<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that allows free movement of wildlife.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Manas River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a major tributary of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/brahmaputra-river-system\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Brahmaputra River<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, flows through the park and plays a crucial role in shaping its <\/span><b>alluvial plains, <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/grasslands-in-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>grasslands<\/b><\/a><b>, and riverine <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ecosystem\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>ecosystem<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making the region highly fertile and ecologically dynamic.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The area consists of a mix of <\/span><b>low-lying floodplains and slightly elevated forested tracts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which together create a wide variety of natural habitats supporting diverse species.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Also Read : <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/biosphere-reserve-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Biosphere Reserves in India<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><b>Manas Biosphere Reserve Historical Development &amp; Status<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The region was first declared a <\/span><b>Wildlife Sanctuary in 1950<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, marking the beginning of formal conservation efforts to protect its rich biodiversity and fragile ecosystems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>1973<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it was included under <\/span><b>Project Tiger<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making it one of the earliest <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/tiger-reserves-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Tiger Reserves in India<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, highlighting its importance as a critical habitat for the <\/span><b>Bengal tiger<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was recognized as a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/unesco-world-heritage-sites-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>UNESCO World Heritage Site<\/b><\/a><b> in 1985<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> due to its exceptional natural beauty and high concentration of rare and endangered species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later, it was designated as a <\/span><b>Biosphere Reserve in 1989<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, aiming to balance conservation with sustainable use of resources and local community development.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>1990<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it was upgraded to a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/national-parks-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>National Park<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which provided it with stronger legal protection and stricter conservation measures.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Manas Biosphere Reserve Physical Features &amp; Climate<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The park experiences a <\/span><b>tropical monsoon climate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with heavy rainfall during the monsoon season, which supports dense vegetation and maintains the ecological productivity of the region.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its landscape is characterized by <\/span><b>semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, swamp forests, and extensive alluvial grasslands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making it one of the most diverse ecological zones in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seasonal flooding by the Manas River helps in <\/span><b>nutrient replenishment of soil<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and sustains the grasslands, which are crucial for herbivorous animals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Manas Biosphere Reserve Biodiversity<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manas is considered a <\/span><b>biodiversity hotspot<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, supporting a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are rare, endemic, or endangered.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Fauna<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The park provides habitat to several <\/span><b>endangered species<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as the <\/span><b>Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, one-horned rhinoceros, wild water buffalo, and clouded leopard<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making it a key conservation site.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is especially famous for unique species like the <\/span><b>pygmy hog, golden langur, hispid hare, and Assam roofed turtle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which are rarely found elsewhere in the world.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The park supports around <\/span><b>60 species of mammals, over 500 species of birds, more than 40 reptiles, and several amphibians and fish<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, reflecting its rich faunal diversity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is also an important habitat for rare birds like the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/bengal-florican\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Bengal florican<\/b><\/a><b> and <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/great-hornbill\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>great hornbill<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making it a paradise for birdwatchers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Flora<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The vegetation includes a mix of <\/span><b>semi-evergreen and deciduous forests along with grasslands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which support a large number of herbivores and maintain ecological balance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The area has a high diversity of plant species including <\/span><b>trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers, orchids, and grasses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which provide food and shelter for wildlife.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Manas Biosphere Reserve Ecological Importance<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The park contains both <\/span><b>grassland and forest biomes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which creates a variety of habitats and allows different species with diverse ecological needs to survive and coexist in the same region.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is known for having the <\/span><b>only pure strain of wild water buffalo in India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making it extremely important for <\/span><b>genetic conservation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and preservation of original species characteristics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The presence of many <\/span><b>Schedule I species under the <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wildlife-protection-act\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Wildlife Protection Act, 1972<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> highlights its status as a <\/span><b>high-priority conservation area<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> requiring strict protection measures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its location along the <\/span><b>India-Bhutan international border<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> improves <\/span><b>ecological connectivity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, allowing free movement of wildlife and supporting a larger, healthier ecosystem across boundaries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The park forms part of a <\/span><b>transboundary conservation landscape<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with Royal Manas National Park, which strengthens biodiversity conservation at a regional and international level.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>alluvial grasslands of Manas are among the most productive ecosystems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, supporting large herbivores and, in turn, sustaining top predators like the tiger, thus maintaining a balanced food chain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It serves as a <\/span><b>critical habitat for several endemic and rare species<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as the pygmy hog, golden langur, and hispid hare, many of which are not found anywhere else in the world.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The park acts as an important <\/span><b>ecological corridor in the Eastern Himalayan region<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, linking different forest areas and helping in <\/span><b>gene flow between wildlife populations.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seasonal flooding by the <\/span><b>Manas River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> plays a vital role in <\/span><b>nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and regeneration of grasslands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which maintains long-term ecosystem health.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It contributes significantly to <\/span><b>climate regulation and <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/carbon-sequestration\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>carbon sequestration<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as its forests store large amounts of carbon and help in reducing the impact of climate change.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Manas Biosphere Reserve Cultural Aspects<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The park derives its name from the <\/span><b>Manas River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, associated with the <\/span><b>serpent goddess Manasa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, giving it strong <\/span><b>cultural and mythological significance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indigenous communities such as the <\/span><b>Bodo and Adivasi tribes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> live in and around the reserve, and their <\/span><b>lifestyle and traditions are closely linked with the forest ecosystem<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These communities depend on forests for <\/span><b>livelihoods like agriculture, fishing, and collection of forest produce<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making them key stakeholders in conservation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>biosphere reserve concept<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> promotes <\/span><b>sustainable development<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, balancing <\/span><b>environmental conservation with human needs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Local communities actively participate in <\/span><b>community-based conservation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, helping in <\/span><b>wildlife protection and reducing illegal activities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Eco-tourism and conservation initiatives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provide <\/span><b>employment opportunities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and support <\/span><b>inclusive development<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> while promoting awareness about biodiversity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Threats &amp; Challenges faced by Manas Biosphere Reserve<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Invasive species and grassland loss:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The spread of invasive plants like <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mikania<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and growth of woody vegetation are reducing native grasslands, which are important feeding areas for species like pygmy hog and rhino.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Poaching and illegal hunting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Illegal killing of animals such as <\/span><b>tiger, rhino, and wild buffalo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> still poses a threat and affects wildlife populations and conservation efforts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Encroachment and land use change:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Expansion of agriculture and settlements near the reserve is leading to <\/span><b>loss and fragmentation of forest areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially due to lack of a proper buffer zone.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Human-wildlife conflict:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Animals like <\/span><b>elephants and tigers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> often enter nearby villages due to shrinking habitats, causing crop damage and conflicts with local communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Changes in river flow and flooding:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Activities like dams upstream and sudden water release disturb the <\/span><b>natural flow of the Manas River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, leading to floods, erosion, and habitat damage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dependence on forest resources:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Local use of forests for grazing, fuelwood, and fishing leads to <\/span><b>gradual degradation of ecosystems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and sometimes harms wildlife.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weak protection and staff shortage:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Limited forest staff and resources reduce effective patrolling and make it harder to control poaching and illegal activities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Climate change<\/b><\/a><b> effects:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Changing rainfall patterns and rising temperatures are affecting <\/span><b>vegetation, water availability, and overall ecosystem stability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Tourism pressure:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Uncontrolled tourism can disturb wildlife and increase pollution if not managed properly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Measures to Protect Manas Biosphere Reserve<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Community-led conservation efforts:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Local communities, including Bodo groups, actively participate through <\/span><b>Forest Protection Forces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and conservation programs, helping reduce poaching and illegal logging while promoting a sense of ownership.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sustainable livelihoods and eco-development:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Initiatives by organizations like the <\/span><b>Wildlife Trust of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and eco-tourism groups provide <\/span><b>alternative income sources<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, reducing dependence on forest resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Transboundary cooperation with Bhutan:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India works closely with <\/span><b>Royal Manas National Park<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through <\/span><b>joint patrolling and monitoring<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ensuring protection of wildlife that moves across borders.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Use of modern technology (SMART patrolling):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Advanced systems like <\/span><b>SMART monitoring<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> help track wildlife movements, detect threats in real time, and improve overall protection efficiency.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Habitat restoration and grassland management:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Programs focus on <\/span><b>removing invasive species and restoring grasslands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which are essential for animals like rhinos, pygmy hogs, and deer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Species reintroduction and conservation programs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Efforts such as <\/span><b>translocation of rhinos and protection of endangered species<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> have helped rebuild wildlife populations after past declines.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Strong governance and zonation system:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The reserve is divided into <\/span><b>core, buffer, and transition zones<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ensuring strict protection in critical areas while allowing sustainable human activities in others.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Institutional support and management:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bodies like the <\/span><b>Manas Tiger Conservation Foundation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/bodoland-territorial-council\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Bodoland Territorial Council<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provide funding, infrastructure, and long-term conservation planning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Strengthening anti-poaching and security:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Increasing forest staff, improving surveillance, and enhancing patrolling help control illegal hunting and protect endangered species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Human-wildlife conflict mitigation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Compensation schemes, awareness programs, and preventive measures help reduce conflicts between wildlife and nearby communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Manas Biosphere Reserve is Assam\u2019s UNESCO-recognized biodiversity hotspot. Explore its wildlife, unique species, conservation efforts, and ecological importance.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":109369,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[4993,5106,8285],"class_list":{"0":"post-109529","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-environment","9":"tag-environment-notes","10":"tag-manas-biosphere-reserve","11":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109529","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=109529"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109529\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":109550,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/109529\/revisions\/109550"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/109369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=109529"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=109529"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=109529"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}