{"id":120830,"date":"2026-08-25T10:51:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-25T05:21:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=120830"},"modified":"2026-08-25T10:52:31","modified_gmt":"2026-08-25T05:22:31","slug":"article-31-of-indian-constitution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-31-of-indian-constitution\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 31 of Indian Constitution, Amendments, Case Laws"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Article 31 of Indian Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> originally guaranteed the <\/span><b>Right to Property as a Fundamental Right<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It was included in <\/span><b>Part III<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Constitution and protected individuals from being deprived of their property without legal authority.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the <\/span><b>Right to Property was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by the <\/span><b>44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Today, property is protected as a <\/span><b>constitutional legal right under Article 300A<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Article 31 of Indian Constitution and Land Reforms<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>Article 31 of the Indian Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> played an important role in <\/span><b>land reforms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by protecting the <\/span><b>Right to Property<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but its strong protection often led to legal challenges against laws aimed at <\/span><b>abolishing zamindari, redistributing land and reducing economic inequality<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Land Acquisition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Protected property owners when the State acquired land for public purposes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Zamindari Abolition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Land reform laws were frequently challenged as violations of the <\/span><b>Right to Property<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Agrarian Reforms:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Created constitutional challenges to laws aimed at <\/span><b>redistribution of agricultural land<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Social Justice:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The government sought to balance <\/span><b>private property rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with <\/span><b>economic equality and social welfare<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Constitutional Amendments:<\/b> <b>Articles 31A and 31B<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were introduced to protect certain <\/span><b>land reform laws<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from Fundamental Rights challenges.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Right to Property:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The <\/span><b>44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> removed the Right to Property from Fundamental Rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 300A:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Property is now protected as a <\/span><b>constitutional legal right<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under Article 300A.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Important Amendments Related to Article 31 of Indian Constitution<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Important Amendments Related to Article 31<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> changed the constitutional status of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/right-to-private-property\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Right to Property<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and provided protection to <\/span><b>land reforms and socio-economic legislation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from certain Fundamental Rights challenges.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 431px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 99.2738%; text-align: center; height: 25px;\" colspan=\"3\">Important Amendments Related to Article 31 of Indian Constitution<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 51px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 18.1554%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><b>Constitutional Amendment<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.42992%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><b>Year<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 76.6885%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><b>Key Provision<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 51px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 18.1554%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><b>1st Constitutional Amendment<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.42992%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><b>1951<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 76.6885%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduced <\/span><b>Articles 31A and 31B<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ninth-schedule\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Ninth Schedule<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to protect land reform laws.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 18.1554%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><b>4th Constitutional Amendment<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.42992%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><b>1955<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 76.6885%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Further modified provisions relating to <\/span><b>compulsory acquisition of property and compensation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 18.1554%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><b>25th Constitutional Amendment<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.42992%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><b>1971<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 76.6885%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduced <\/span><b>Article 31C<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and replaced the term <\/span><b>\u201ccompensation\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with <\/span><b>\u201camount\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Article 31(2).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 18.1554%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><b>42nd Constitutional Amendment<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.42992%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><b>1976<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 76.6885%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expanded <\/span><b>Article 31C<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to provide protection to laws implementing <\/span><b>all Directive Principles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but this expansion was later struck down by the Supreme Court.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 18.1554%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><b>44th Constitutional Amendment<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 4.42992%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><b>1978<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 76.6885%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><b>Deleted Article 31<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and removed the <\/span><b>Right to Property<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from Fundamental Rights; introduced <\/span><b>Article 300A<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to protect property as a constitutional legal right.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Why Was Article 31 Deleted?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 31 was deleted because the <\/span><b>Right to Property as a <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/fundamental-rights-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Fundamental Right<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> often led to legal challenges against <\/span><b>land reforms and public welfare laws<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The government wanted greater freedom to implement <\/span><b>land redistribution, economic reforms and development projects<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The <\/span><b>44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> removed Article 31 from Part III. However, the <\/span><b>Right to Property<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was retained as a <\/span><b>constitutional legal right under Article 300A<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Articles 31A, 31B and 31C<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>Articles 31A, 31B and 31C<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were introduced through constitutional amendments to protect certain <\/span><b>land reform, social welfare and socio-economic laws<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from challenges based on Fundamental Rights.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 31A:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Protects certain laws related to <\/span><b>land reforms, acquisition of estates and management of property<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from challenges under <\/span><b>Articles 14 and 19<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 31B:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Provides protection to laws listed in the <\/span><b>Ninth Schedule<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from being declared invalid for violating Fundamental Rights, subject to the <\/span><b>Basic Structure Doctrine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 31C:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Provides protection to laws made to implement <\/span><b>Article 39(b) and Article 39(c)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, relating to the <\/span><b>distribution of resources<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and prevention of <\/span><b>concentration of wealth<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Important:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Although <\/span><b>Article 31 was deleted<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by the <\/span><b>44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>Articles 31A, 31B and 31C continue to remain part of the Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Article 31 of Indian Constitution Case Laws<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Right to Property under Article 31<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> led to several landmark Supreme Court cases that shaped the relationship between <\/span><b>Fundamental Rights, land reforms and Parliament&#8217;s power to amend the Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Shankari Prasad v. Union of India (1951):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Supreme Court upheld the <\/span><b>First Constitutional Amendment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and accepted Parliament&#8217;s power to amend <\/span><b>Fundamental Rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan (1965):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Court upheld the <\/span><b>17th Constitutional Amendment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which protected certain <\/span><b>land reform laws<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from constitutional challenges.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Supreme Court held that Parliament could not amend Fundamental Rights in a way that <\/span><b>takes away or abridges<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Court established the <\/span><b>Basic Structure Doctrine<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, holding that Parliament cannot alter the <\/span><b>basic structure of the Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through amendments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Court struck down the attempt to give <\/span><b>unlimited priority to Directive Principles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> over Fundamental Rights and reinforced the importance of <\/span><b>judicial review<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/supreme-court-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">Supreme Court<\/a><\/strong> held that laws placed in the <\/span><b>Ninth Schedule after 24 April 1973<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be reviewed if they violate the <\/span><b>Basic Structure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 95.3366%; height: 1043px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 113.938%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Also Check Related Articles<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-167-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 167 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; 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height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-160-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 160 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-340-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 340 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-43b-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 43b of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-156-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 156 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-144-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 144 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-365-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 365 of Indian Constitution<\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-201-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 201 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-140-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 140 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-35-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 35 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-166-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 166 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-102-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 102 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-83-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 83 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-88-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 88 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-28-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 28 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-103-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 103 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-36-of-the-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 36 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-62-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 62 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-82-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 82 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-97-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 97 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-224-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 224 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-251-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 251 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-13-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 13 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-29-and-30-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 29 &amp; 30 of Indian Constitution <\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-15-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 15 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-4-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 4 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-85-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 85 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-27-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 27 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-238-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 238 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-312-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 312 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-137-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 137 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-118-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 118 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-353-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 353 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-111-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 111 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-113-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 113 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-76-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 76 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-44-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 44 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-50-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 50 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-295-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 295 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-194-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 194 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-39-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 39 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-191-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 191 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-20-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 20 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-16-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 16 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-67-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 67 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-40-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 40 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.938%; height: 10px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-78-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 78 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Article 31 of Indian Constitution originally protected property as a Fundamental Right. Learn about its deletion, Article 300A, land reforms, amendments and landmark case laws.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":120575,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[9760,9759,1934],"class_list":["post-120830","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-general-studies","tag-article-31","tag-article-31-of-indian-constitution","tag-indian-constitution","no-featured-image-padding"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120830","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=120830"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120830\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":120832,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/120830\/revisions\/120832"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/120575"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=120830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=120830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}