{"id":23068,"date":"2024-05-05T10:13:05","date_gmt":"2024-05-05T04:43:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=23068"},"modified":"2025-04-07T00:01:30","modified_gmt":"2025-04-06T18:31:30","slug":"what-is-endosymbiotic-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/what-is-endosymbiotic-theory\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Endosymbiotic Theory?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>About Endosymbiotic Theory<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The endosymbiotic theory states that <strong>some of the organelles in<\/strong> today&#8217;s <strong>eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>In this theory, the <strong>first eukaryotic cell was<\/strong> probably <strong>an amoeba-like cell<\/strong> that got nutrients by phagocytosis and <strong>contained a nucleus<\/strong> that formed when a piece of the cytoplasmic membrane pinched off around the chromosomes.<\/li>\n<li>Some of these amoeba-like organisms <strong>ingested prokaryotic cells<\/strong> that then<strong> survived<\/strong> within the organism and <strong>developed a symbiotic relationship<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mitochondria formed when bacteria capable of aerobic respiration were ingested<\/strong>; <strong>chloroplasts formed when photosynthetic bacteria were ingested<\/strong>. They eventually<strong> lost their cell wall and <\/strong>much of their<strong> DNA<\/strong> because they were not of benefit within the host cell.<\/li>\n<li>The endosymbiotic theory describes how a <strong>large host cell and ingested bacteria<\/strong> could easily become dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a <strong>permanent relationship.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Over millions of years of evolution<\/strong>, <strong>mitochondria and chloroplasts <\/strong>have <strong>become more specialized,<\/strong> and <strong>today they cannot live outside the cell<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>All living things<\/strong> can be divided into three basic domains: <strong>Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The <strong>primarily single-celled organisms<\/strong> found in the <strong>Bacteria and Archaea domains<\/strong> are <strong>known as prokaryotes<\/strong>. These organisms are <strong>made of prokaryotic cells<\/strong>\u2014the <strong>smallest, simplest,<\/strong> and <strong>most ancient<\/strong> cells.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Organisms in the Eukarya<\/strong> domain is <strong>made of <\/strong>more <strong>complex eukaryotic cells<\/strong>. These organisms, called <strong>eukaryotes<\/strong>, can be<strong> unicellular or multicellular<\/strong> and include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>The biggest distinction between them is that <strong>eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleu<\/strong>s <strong>containing<\/strong> the cell&#8217;s <strong>genetic material<\/strong>, while <strong>prokaryotic cells don&#8217;t have a nucleus<\/strong> and <strong>have free-floating genetic material<\/strong> instead.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><strong>Eukaryotes developed<\/strong> at least 2.7 billion years ago, <strong>following 1 to 1.5 billion years of prokaryotic evolution.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Eukaryotic cells have<\/strong> several <strong>other membrane-bound organelles not found in prokaryotic<\/strong> cells. These include the <strong>mitochondria<\/strong>, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, <strong>golgi complex<\/strong>, and in the case of <strong>plant cells, chloroplasts<\/strong> (conduct photosynthesis).<\/li>\n<li>Although prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many differences, they <strong>share some common features<\/strong>, including the following:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>DNA<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cell (or plasma) membrane<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Cytoplasm<\/strong>: Jelly-like fluid within a cell that is composed primarily of water, salts, and proteins.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ribosomes<\/strong>: Organelles that make proteins.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Q1<\/strong>: What is Phagocytosis?<\/h3>\n<p>Phagocytosis, or \u201ccell eating\u201d, is the process by which a cell engulfs a particle and digests it. The word phagocytosis comes from the Greek phago-, meaning \u201cdevouring\u201d, and -cyte, meaning \u201ccell\u201d. Cells in the immune systems of organisms use phagocytosis to devour bodily intruders such as bacteria, and they also engulf and get rid of cell debris. Some single-celled organisms like amoebas use phagocytosis in order to eat and acquire nutrients.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/can-the-newly-discovered-organelle-help-engineer-plants-to-fix-nitrogen\/article68136173.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><u>Can the newly discovered organelle help engineer plants to fix nitrogen?<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The endosymbiotic theory states that some of the organelles in today&#8217;s eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":23069,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-23068","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-prelims-current-affairs","8":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23068","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23068"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23068\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23069"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23068"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23068"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23068"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}