{"id":36641,"date":"2023-08-01T07:47:34","date_gmt":"2023-08-01T02:17:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=36641"},"modified":"2025-04-21T23:40:23","modified_gmt":"2025-04-21T18:10:23","slug":"hybrid-evs-combine-a-conventional-internal-combustion-engine-ice-system-with-an-electric-propulsion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/hybrid-evs-combine-a-conventional-internal-combustion-engine-ice-system-with-an-electric-propulsion\/","title":{"rendered":"Hybrid EVs"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><strong>What\u2019s in today\u2019s article?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>What are the Different Types of EVs?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>What are the Challenges to Transitioning to Electric Mobility?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>What are the Advantages of Hybrid EVs?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Challenges towards Reducing Net emissions<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Way Ahead and Conclusion<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Why in News?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>A crucial element of the world\u2019s transition to becoming<strong> net-zero is electric vehicles<\/strong> (EVs).<\/li>\n<li>However, <strong>hybrid electric vehicles<\/strong> (EVs) present a big opportunity for economically developing countries to begin the transition instead of waiting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>What are the Different Types of EVs?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>HEVs (Hybrid EVs):<\/strong> They combine a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system, resulting in a hybrid drivetrain that substantially lowers fuel usage. <strong>Example<\/strong>, Toyota Hyryder in India.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>An ICE<\/strong> is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>PHEVs (Plug-in hybrid vehicles)<\/strong>: They have a hybrid drivetrain that uses both an ICE and electric power for motive power, backed by rechargeable batteries that can be plugged into a power source. <strong>Example<\/strong>, Chevrolet Volt.<\/li>\n<li><strong>BEVs\/full EVs:<\/strong> They have no ICE or fuel tank (no tailpipe emissions), and run on a fully electric drivetrain powered by rechargeable batteries. <strong>Example<\/strong>, Tata Nexon in India, or the Nissan Leaf and Tesla Model S.<\/li>\n<li><strong>FCVs (Fuel cell vehicles)<\/strong>: FCVs combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, which runs the motor, and the only residue of the chemical process is water. <strong>Example<\/strong>, Toyota\u2019s Mirai and Honda\u2019s Clarity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>What are the Challenges to Transitioning to Electric Mobility?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A successful transition to full EVs requires fast-charging infrastructure<\/strong> along highways. The lack of a fast-charging infrastructure will discourage people from buying full EVs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The high prices for EV fast-chargers<\/strong> because of high installation and maintenance costs [capital cost &#8211; $500-1,000\/kW, service and maintenance &#8211; 5% per year; an installation cost of around 50% of the charger cost, etc].<\/li>\n<li><strong>Economically developing nations don&#8217;t have access to a grid<\/strong> or the grid isn\u2019t 100% reliable.<\/li>\n<li><strong>EVs with higher range will need larger battery packs and thus be more expensive.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>What are the Advantages of Hybrid EVs?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fuel economy:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A hybrid EV\u2019s <\/strong>fuel economy is <strong>1.5-2x times higher than in conventional ICE vehicles<\/strong> for city driving and 1-1.5x times higher for highway driving.<\/li>\n<li><strong>A PHEV combines the best of both hybrid and full EVs.<\/strong> Using a small battery (5-15kWh) that can be charged from the grid offers <strong>3-4x higher fuel economy<\/strong> than conventional vehicles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>The purchase price of hybrid cars <\/strong>is only 5-15% higher than conventional vehicles and is <strong>independent of the vehicle range<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hence, hybrid EVs are an alternative to full EVs<\/strong> (in the short-term), given the power generation and grid capacity-reliability, the fraction of renewable sources in the power generation mix, and availability of fast-charging infrastructure in <strong>developing countries<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"media\">\n<div data-oembed-url=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=h5ysddrlXLw\">\n<div><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/h5ysddrlXLw\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Challenges towards Reducing Net emissions:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Well-to-wheel emissions<\/strong> include both tailpipe emissions and emissions due to fuel production &#8211; electricity or fossil fuels.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The life-cycle emissions<\/strong> is a more comprehensive index that includes well-to-wheel emissions and emissions due to vehicle and battery production, maintenance, and end-of-life recycling.<\/li>\n<li>Therefore, reducing net emissions depends on many factors and remains a challenge both in the case of full electric EVs and hybrid EVs.\n<ul>\n<li><strong>For example, <\/strong>switching to full EVs will result in 19-34% lower emissions by sedans and 38-49% by SUVs in the fossil-fuel-dominated energy mix in India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Way Ahead:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Regenerative braking<\/strong> in hybrid EVs (recovering the kinetic energy of the vehicle) can improve fuel economy in urban areas and in hilly conditions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>An engine start-stop mechanism<\/strong> can also save fuel at traffic junctions and in heavy traffic.<\/li>\n<li>The above steps will not only help to improve fuel economy of hybrid EVs, it will also help in net emissions reduction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>In places where transitioning to renewables for power and building fast-charging infrastructure will take a decade or more, there is the need to switch to hybrid EVs as a short-term solution due to the fuel-economy and emissions benefits.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Q1) What is the National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The Government of India approved the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme &#8216;National Programme on ACC Battery Storage&#8217; for achieving manufacturing capacity of 50 GWh of ACC for enhancing India&#8217;s Manufacturing Capabilities with a budgetary outlay of \u20b9 18,100 crore.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Q2) What is the difference between Li-ion and lithium batteries?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The main difference between lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries is that lithium batteries are primary cells and lithium-ion batteries are secondary cells. The term &#8220;primary cell&#8221; refers to cells that are not rechargeable.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Source:\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/specials\/text-and-context\/the-promise-of-hybrid-evs-in-cutting-short-term-carbon-emissions\/article67142001.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><u>The promise of hybrid EVs in cutting short-term carbon emissions<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hybrid EVs combine a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":36642,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-36641","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-mains-current-affairs","8":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36641","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36641"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36641\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/36642"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36641"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}