{"id":37310,"date":"2023-09-14T01:08:13","date_gmt":"2023-09-13T19:38:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=37310"},"modified":"2025-04-22T13:00:00","modified_gmt":"2025-04-22T07:30:00","slug":"operation-polo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/operation-polo\/","title":{"rendered":"75th anniversary of Operation Polo"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><strong>What\u2019s in today\u2019s article?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Why in news?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Operation Polo<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>What was the background against which Operation Polo was launched?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Why was Operation Polo launched?<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Operation Polo on the ground<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Why in news?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>India celebrated the 75<sup>th<\/sup>anniversary of Operation Polo on September 13, 2023.<\/li>\n<li>On this day in 1948, Indian Army launched military action to integrate the princely state of Hyderabad.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>What was the background against which Operation Polo was launched?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Intentions of Nizam of Hyderabad state<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The Nizam of Hyderabad state, Mir Osman Ali Shah, had the intention of keeping his state as an independent entity and did not join India or Pakistan after Independence.<\/li>\n<li>The Nizam took advantage of the fact that the Indian government got preoccupied with the Kashmir war soon after Independence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Standstill agreement with India<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The Nizam signed a standstill agreement with India in November 1947.<\/li>\n<li>This essentially meant that a status quo would be maintained between the Indian dominion and the Hyderabad state till a solution was found.<\/li>\n<li>The agreement was signed for a period of one year during which the Indian government would not exercise any authority over Hyderabad.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Why was Operation Polo launched?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Location of Hyderabad<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Situated in the Deccan, Hyderabad was one of the most populous and richest states.<\/li>\n<li>It had 17 districts including Aurangabad (now in Maharashtra) and Gulbarga (now in Karnataka).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Intention to have fraternal relations with Pakistan<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The landlocked state had a <u>majority Hindu population<\/u> with the state <u>administration almost entirely run by its Muslim rulers<\/u>.<\/li>\n<li>There was no common border with Pakistan but the Nizam had every intention to have fraternal relations with that country.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Excesses of the Razakars<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>During this period, the Nizam\u2019s administration had taken advantage of the standstill agreement signed with India.<\/li>\n<li>It started to increase the number of its irregular force called Razakars which was led by Maj Gen SA El Edroos, the Arab commander in chief of the Hyderabad state forces.\n<ul>\n<li>The Razakars were a paramilitary force in the Hyderabad State. It was created to support the Nizam&#8217;s rule.<\/li>\n<li>It also resisted the integration of Hyderabad into the newly independent India.<\/li>\n<li>The Razakars primarily consisted of local radical Muslim volunteers who were loyal to the Nizam&#8217;s regime.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The Razakars persecuted Hindus and forced them to become Muslims.<\/li>\n<li>They killed many Hindus and Hindu sympathizers, forcing them to flee the state. They also raped women.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Operation Polo on the ground<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The Indian forces were led by Maj Gen Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri, the General Officer Commanding of 1 Armoured Division.<\/li>\n<li>The Nizam of Hyderabad announced a ceasefire on September 17.<\/li>\n<li>On September 18, Maj Gen Chaudhuri entered Hyderabad city with his forces and Maj Gen El Edroos surrendered to him.<\/li>\n<li>Maj Gen Chaudhuri was later appointed the Military Governor of Hyderabad.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3><strong>Q1) Who were Razakars?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Razakars were a private militia in Hyderabad, India, during the Nizam&#8217;s rule, known for supporting the Nizam&#8217;s regime and opposing integration with India.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Q2)\u00a0Who was Maj Gen SA El Edroos?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Major General Syed Ahmed El Edroos was a notable military figure during the Indian annexation of Hyderabad in 1948. He led the Indian Army&#8217;s Operation Polo, which resulted in the integration of Hyderabad into the newly independent India.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Source: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/explained\/explained-global\/what-kims-meeting-with-putin-at-russian-spaceport-hints-at-8938738\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><u>Explained: 75th anniversary of Operation Polo and \u2018Police Action\u2019 in Hyderabad<\/u><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Operation Polo was the Annexation of Hyderabad by India in 1948.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":37311,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-37310","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-mains-current-affairs","8":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37310","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37310"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37310\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/37311"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37310"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37310"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37310"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}