{"id":42504,"date":"2024-09-17T02:39:25","date_gmt":"2024-09-16T21:09:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=42504"},"modified":"2025-05-05T10:39:22","modified_gmt":"2025-05-05T05:09:22","slug":"how-do-emergency-provisions-impact-centre-state-relations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/how-do-emergency-provisions-impact-centre-state-relations\/","title":{"rendered":"Explained | How do Emergency Provisions Impact Centre-State Relations?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>What\u2019s in today\u2019s article?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Introduction<\/li>\n<li>India\u2019s Federal Structure<\/li>\n<li>Understanding Emergency Provisions<\/li>\n<li>Historical Context and Judicial Interpretation<\/li>\n<li>Recommendations from Various Commissions<\/li>\n<li>The Case of Manipur<\/li>\n<li>Conclusion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The recent surge in violence in Manipur has reignited discussions on the Centre-State relations in India, particularly regarding the use of emergency provisions.<\/li>\n<li>These provisions allow the central government to intervene in the affairs of state governments under specific circumstances.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>India\u2019s Federal Structure<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>India operates under a federal system, where governance is shared between the Centre and the States.<\/li>\n<li>The Constitution, through its <strong>Seventh Schedule<\/strong>, divides powers between the two levels of government.<\/li>\n<li>Law and order are primarily the responsibility of the State governments.<\/li>\n<li>However, in cases where there is a breakdown of governance, the Centre has the authority to intervene under certain emergency provisions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Understanding Emergency Provisions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The emergency provisions are encapsulated in <strong>Part XVIII of the Constitution<\/strong>, specifically <strong>Articles 355<\/strong> and <strong>356<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Article 355 mandates the Centre to protect states from external aggression and internal disturbances, while ensuring that state governments function according to the Constitution.<\/li>\n<li>Article 356 grants the Centre the power to impose President&#8217;s Rule in a state if it fails to comply with constitutional norms.<\/li>\n<li>These provisions are unique to India, as similar federal systems like the U.S. and Australia do not allow the central government to remove state governments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Historical Context and Judicial Interpretation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, while drafting these provisions, expressed hope that they would remain unused.<\/li>\n<li>However, <strong>Article 356 has been misused on numerous occasions to remove state governments<\/strong>, often for political reasons.<\/li>\n<li>It was only after the landmark 1994 Supreme Court judgment in the <strong>S.R. Bommai case<\/strong> that limitations were imposed on the use of Article 356.\n<ul>\n<li>The court ruled that <strong>it could only be invoked in cases of a constitutional breakdown<\/strong>, not merely for a law-and-order issue.<\/li>\n<li>Additionally, the <strong>court emphasized that the imposition of President&#8217;s Rule would be subject to judicial review<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>On the other hand, the scope of Article 355 has expanded through various court rulings.<\/li>\n<li>Initially interpreted narrowly, cases like <strong>Naga People&#8217;s Movement of Human Rights vs Union of India<\/strong> (1998) have broadened its application, allowing the Centre to take a wider range of actions to fulfil its duty of protecting states.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Recommendations from Various Commissions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Several commissions have examined the use of emergency provisions in Centre-State relations.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>Sarkaria Commission (1987)<\/strong>, the <strong>National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2002)<\/strong>, and the <strong>Punchhi Commission (2010)<\/strong> all concur that Article 355 places a duty on the Union government, but any actions under Article 356 should be used as a last resort.<\/li>\n<li>They emphasize that it should only be invoked in extreme situations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>The Case of Manipur<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The violence in Manipur has brought the issue of emergency provisions to the forefront once again.<\/li>\n<li>The situation in the state, marked by widespread violence, looting of police ammunition, and targeted attacks, goes beyond a simple law-and-order breakdown.<\/li>\n<li>Yet, despite the severity of the crisis, Article 356 has not been invoked.<\/li>\n<li>This is likely due to political considerations, as the same party holds power both at the Centre and the State.<\/li>\n<li>However, Article 355 is being utilized, and the Centre is taking steps to restore normalcy through various instructions and actions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>While India&#8217;s federal structure emphasizes state autonomy, emergency provisions like Articles 355 and 356 give the Centre considerable power to intervene when necessary.<\/li>\n<li>However, these provisions must be used judiciously to maintain the delicate balance between the Centre and the States.<\/li>\n<li>The situation in Manipur highlights the complexities of this relationship, where political, constitutional, and legal factors all play a role in determining the extent of the Centre\u2019s involvement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Q1.\u00a0<\/strong>Which Amendment Act had made the declaration of a National Emergency immune to judicial review?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ans.<\/strong> The 38th Constitutional Amendment Act made the declaration of a National Emergency immune to judicial review.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Q2. <\/strong>Which state has the first state emergency in India?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ans.\u00a0<\/strong>State emergency was used for the first time in the state of Punjab in 1951.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Source:<\/strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/how-do-emergency-provisions-impact-centre-state-relations\/article68648093.ece#:~:text=The%20scope%20of%20actions%20under,in%20accordance%20with%20the%20Constitution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">How do emergency provisions impact Centre-State relations?<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>India operates under a federal system, where governance is shared between the Centre and the States.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":42505,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-42504","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-mains-current-affairs","8":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42504","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42504"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42504\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/42505"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42504"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42504"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42504"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}