{"id":52364,"date":"2025-06-28T14:06:36","date_gmt":"2025-06-28T08:36:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=52364"},"modified":"2025-06-28T15:36:41","modified_gmt":"2025-06-28T10:06:41","slug":"dna-polymorphism-fingerprinting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/dna-polymorphism-fingerprinting\/","title":{"rendered":"DNA Polymorphism &#038; Fingerprinting"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>DNA Polymorphism &amp; Fingerprinting Latest News<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last DNA match day occurred after the family held a symbolic funeral for the victims of Air India Flight AI 171, which crashed on June 12, 2025, resulting in the tragic death of 241 people.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>What is DNA?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the <\/span><b>hereditary material<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> found in almost all <\/span><b>human cells<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 blood, skin, bone, teeth, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Humans have <\/span><b>46 chromosomes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>23 inherited from the father<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (via sperm)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>23 inherited from the mother<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (via egg)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Genes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> within chromosomes determine <\/span><b>physical traits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>biological identity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>DNA Polymorphisms<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>DNA polymorphisms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are <\/span><b>variations in DNA sequences<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> unique to individuals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Useful for:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Parentage identification<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Genetic lineage tracing<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Identity verification<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in forensic science<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enable <\/span><b>accurate matching<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between body samples and known relatives.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>STRs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are <\/span><b>short, repeating sequences of DNA bases<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (e.g., GATCGATC).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each individual has a <\/span><b>unique STR pattern<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making them ideal for:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Criminal investigations<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Forensic victim identification<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Ancestry and paternity testing<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">STRs are <\/span><b>inherited<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, providing strong evidence for <\/span><b>genetic relationships<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in DNA Amplification<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>PCR<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a technique to <\/span><b>amplify small amounts of DNA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for analysis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Steps involved<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>DNA Extraction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from bones, blood, or tissue<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Denaturation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (95\u00b0C): DNA strands are separated<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Annealing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (60\u00b0C): Primers bind to specific DNA sequences<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Extension<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (72\u00b0C): DNA polymerase builds new strands<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Cycling<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Steps are repeated to create <\/span><b>millions of DNA copies<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>DNA Fingerprinting<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b>DNA fingerprinting<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a <\/span><b>unique genetic profile<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> built using <\/span><b>STR variations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Capillary Electrophoresis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> separates STR fragments based on size using electric current.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Final output is a <\/span><b>distinct DNA profile<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>unique to each person<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (except identical twins).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sources for DNA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: blood, saliva, bone, teeth, skin cells, sweat, semen.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/cities\/ahmedabad\/air-india-171-crash-last-dna-match-day-after-family-holds-symbolic-funeral-10093260\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><b>IE<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the hereditary material present in nearly all human cells, including blood, skin, bone, and teeth. Read more about DNA Polymorphism &#038; Fingerprinting, Meaning,  Examples, Uses, Latest News<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":52271,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1147,21,22,23],"class_list":{"0":"post-52364","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-prelims-current-affairs","8":"tag-dna-polymorphism-fingerprinting","9":"tag-prelims-pointers","10":"tag-upsc-current-affairs","11":"tag-upsc-prelims-current-affairs","12":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52364","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=52364"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52364\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/52271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52364"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=52364"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=52364"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}