{"id":53256,"date":"2025-07-03T12:13:38","date_gmt":"2025-07-03T06:43:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=53256"},"modified":"2025-07-03T14:02:51","modified_gmt":"2025-07-03T08:32:51","slug":"genome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/genome\/","title":{"rendered":"Genome"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><b>Genome Latest News<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Researchers recently sequenced the first whole ancient Egyptian genome from an individual who lived 4,500 to 4,800 years ago \u2014 the oldest DNA sample from Egypt to date. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>About Genome<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A genome is an <\/span><b>organism\u2019s complete set of genetic information.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A genome includes all of the hereditary <\/span><b>instructions for creating and maintaining life<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as well as <\/span><b>instructions for reproduction.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>human genome<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, like all other cellular life forms, <\/span><b>consists of DNA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (deoxyribonucleic acid) and <\/span><b>includes both the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This is in <\/span><b>contrast to <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ribonucleic acid (<\/span><b>RNA) viruses, whose genome is composed of RNA.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>From Genome to Genes:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The instructions in our <\/span><b>genome<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are <\/span><b>made up of DNA.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Within DNA<\/b> <b>is a unique chemical code<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that guides an organism\u2019s growth, development and health.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This <\/span><b>code is determined by the order of the four nucleotide bases <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that make up DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>DNA has a twisted structure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the shape of a <\/span><b>double helix.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Single strands of DNA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are coiled up into structures called <\/span><b>chromosomes.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Within chromosomes, sections of DNA are organised into genes.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Genes control different characteristics <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">such as eye colour and height.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>All living things have a unique genome.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are <\/span><b>23 pairs of chromosomes in the human genome<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between 1990 and 2003, <\/span><b>all twenty-three pairs were fully sequenced<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through an international research undertaking known as the <\/span><b>Human Genome Project.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>study <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and analysis <\/span><b>of genomes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is called<\/span><b> genomics.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Where is the Genome Found?<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In organisms known as <\/span><b>eukaryotes <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(which includes humans, other mammals, plants and fungi), <\/span><b>most of the genom<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e is contained within a membrane-bound structure called the <\/span><b>nucleus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>In humans and other complex multicellular organisms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>a copy of the genome<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is found <\/span><b>in nearly every cell<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the body.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>exception <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to this is <\/span><b>mammalian red blood cells<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which <\/span><b>do not contain a genome<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a<\/span><b>s they do not have a nucleus or mitochondria.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Furthermore, human reproductive cells<\/span><b> (eggs and sperm)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> each<\/span><b> contain half the DNA <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from that person\u2019s genome, which then <\/span><b>combines to form a whole genome at fertilisation.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organisms known as <\/span><b>Prokaryotes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which contain no inner membranes, <\/span><b>store their genome<\/b> <b>in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>How long is a genome?<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The length of the genome v<\/span><b>aries between species <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and doesn\u2019t necessarily reflect the size of the organism from which it came.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>human genome is<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> approximately <\/span><b>3 billion base pairs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (3.2 to be exact) in length.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While 3 billion is a big number, the rare <\/span><b style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Japanese flower called Paris japonica<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has a <\/span><b style=\"font-size: inherit;\">genome size of roughly 150 billion nucleotides<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making it 50 times the size of the human genome.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Source<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/sci-tech\/science\/researchers-sequence-whole-genome-of-ancient-egyptian-for-the-first-time\/article69764958.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TH<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A genome is the complete set of genetic material in an organism, containing all the instructions needed for growth, development, and functioning. Read more about Genome, Meaning, Editing, Sequencing, Latest News<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":53289,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1315,21,22,23],"class_list":{"0":"post-53256","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-prelims-current-affairs","8":"tag-genome","9":"tag-prelims-pointers","10":"tag-upsc-current-affairs","11":"tag-upsc-prelims-current-affairs","12":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53256","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=53256"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53256\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/53289"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=53256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=53256"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=53256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}