{"id":65015,"date":"2026-04-15T14:39:51","date_gmt":"2026-04-15T09:09:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=65015"},"modified":"2026-04-16T17:51:08","modified_gmt":"2026-04-16T12:21:08","slug":"parliamentary-form-of-government","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/parliamentary-form-of-government\/","title":{"rendered":"Parliamentary Form of Government, History, Advantages, Disadvantages"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Parliamentary Form of Government is a form of democracy in which the political party that wins the most seats in a national election forms the ruling government. In this system, the executive is drawn from the legislature and is accountable to it. India follows a parliamentary system similar to that of the United Kingdom.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a parliamentary system, there is a close relationship between the executive and legislative branches, with the executive being dependent on the confidence of the legislature. This arrangement ensures greater accountability and makes the Parliament the central institution of governance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Parliamentary Form of Government History<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since ancient times, councils of headmen, whose decisions were guided by village elders, existed in tribal societies. These early consultative bodies gradually evolved into modern parliamentary institutions. In 1188, King Alfonso IX of Le\u00f3n (Spain) convened the Cortes of Le\u00f3n, considered one of Europe\u2019s first parliaments. A proto-parliamentary system also emerged during the Dutch Revolt (1581), when the States-General assumed power from King Philip II of Spain. The modern parliamentary framework developed in the United Kingdom (1707-1800) and Sweden (1721-1772), gaining broader acceptance across Europe after World War I.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Adoption in the Indian Constitution: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India adopted the parliamentary system from Britain after thorough deliberations. During the Constituent Assembly debates, different models including Presidential and Parliamentary systems were discussed. The parliamentary model was preferred for its capacity to provide strong leadership while ensuring accountability to the elected legislature.<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Notable Opinions<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Professor K. T. Shah emphasized that parliamentary government connects the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary effectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shri K. Hanumanthaiya argued that the parliamentary system was better suited to India\u2019s needs than a Presidential system.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Parliamentary Form of Government Features<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Real and Nominal Executives: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The President acts as the formal or nominal executive, while the Prime Minister serves as the actual (de facto) executive. In this arrangement, the President represents the State, whereas the Prime Minister runs the government\u2019s day-to-day affairs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dual Membership: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The executive (Prime Minister and Council of Ministers) is drawn from the legislature (Parliament). Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers, linking the executive and legislative branches closely.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Collective Responsibility: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Council of Ministers is collectively accountable to the legislature. This principle ensures that all ministers share responsibility for government policies and decisions, even if individual ministers are directly responsible for their departments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Secret Procedure: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cabinet discussions and deliberations are conducted in private and are not disclosed publicly, allowing for open and candid decision-making among ministers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Leadership under the Prime Minister: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Prime Minister heads the government and exercises leadership over the Council of Ministers, guiding policy and administration.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Majority Party Rule: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party that holds a majority in the lower house of the legislature, ensuring stability and alignment between the executive and legislative branches.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bicameral Legislature: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most parliamentary democracies have a bicameral legislature, consisting of two chambers, typically an upper house and a lower house, which provide checks and balances on lawmaking.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Political Homogeneity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members of the Council of Ministers usually share similar political ideologies, as they belong to the same party. In coalition governments, ministers are bound by coalition agreements to maintain unity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>No Fixed Term: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government\u2019s tenure depends on maintaining the confidence of the lower house. If a motion of no-confidence succeeds, the Council of Ministers must resign, triggering elections and the formation of a new government.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Parliamentary Form of Government Constitutional Provision<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian Constitution contains specific provisions that establish and support the parliamentary system of governance at both the central and state levels. The following table summarizes the key articles, their scope, and the way they define the roles, responsibilities, and accountability of the executive in relation to the legislature.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 93.0859%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 91.8316%;\" colspan=\"5\"><b>Parliamentary Form of Government Constitutional Provision<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 6.21242%;\">\n<p><strong>Article<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 5.11022%;\">\n<p><strong>Level<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 22.9459%;\">\n<p><strong>Provision<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 35.9719%;\">\n<p><strong>Key Features<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 21.5911%;\">\n<p><strong>Accountability<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.21242%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">74<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.11022%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Central<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.9459%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.9719%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">President acts on advice of the Cabinet headed by PM; advice can be reconsidered but must be adopted<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.5911%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not subject to judicial review<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.21242%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">75<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.11022%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Central<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.9459%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appointment and responsibility of the Council of Ministers<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.9719%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">President appoints PM; PM recommends other ministers; ministers hold office during President\u2019s pleasure<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.5911%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to Lok Sabha<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.21242%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">163<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.11022%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.9459%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.9719%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Governor acts on advice of Council headed by CM; discretionary powers in certain matters<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.5911%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not subject to judicial review<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.21242%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">164<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 5.11022%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.9459%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appointment and responsibility of State Ministers<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.9719%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Governor appoints CM; CM recommends other ministers; ministers hold office during Governor\u2019s pleasure<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.5911%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to State Legislative Assembly<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Parliamentary Form of Government Advantages<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Parliamentary Form of Government Advantages that contribute to effective governance and political stability. Its structure ensures cooperation between branches, accountability of the executive, prevention of despotism, and broad representation of diverse interests. The key merits are summarized below.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 92.9857%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 92.3848%;\" colspan=\"2\"><b>Parliamentary Form of Government Advantages<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 27.2545%;\">\n<p><strong>Merit<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 65.1303%;\">\n<p><strong>Description<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 27.2545%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cooperation Between Legislative and Executive Branches<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 65.1303%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The parliamentary system fosters close coordination between the legislature and the executive, ensuring smooth policy-making and implementation.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 27.2545%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Responsible Government<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 65.1303%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ministers are accountable to Parliament, and their actions are scrutinized through tools such as question periods, debates, adjournment motions, and no-confidence motions.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 27.2545%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevents Despotism<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 65.1303%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Executive power is vested in a council of ministers rather than a single individual, decentralizing authority and reducing the risk of authoritarianism.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 27.2545%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wide Representation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 65.1303%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The council of ministers represents diverse regions, communities, and interests, enabling the government to reflect the country\u2019s varied demographic and cultural composition.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Parliamentary Form of Government Disadvantages<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the Parliamentary Form of Government has several advantages, it is not without shortcomings. Certain structural and political factors can lead to instability, inefficiency, and limited accountability. The key demerits are summarized below.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 93.6861%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 92.9298%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><b>Parliamentary Form of Government Disadvantages<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8588%; text-align: center;\">\n<p><strong>Demerit<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.071%; text-align: center;\">\n<p><strong>Description<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8588%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No Separation of Powers<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.071%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the ruling party has a strong majority, the legislature may struggle to check the executive. Anti-defection laws further restrict MPs from voting independently, reducing legislative oversight.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8588%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unqualified Lawmakers<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.071%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legislators often aim to join the executive rather than focus on lawmaking, resulting in a lack of expertise in drafting effective laws.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8588%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instability<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.071%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Governments depend on maintaining a parliamentary majority. Coalition governments can be short-lived and unstable, forcing the administration to prioritize staying in power over public welfare.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8588%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ministers<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.071%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ministers are typically chosen from the ruling party, limiting the inclusion of subject-matter experts in governance.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8588%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Failure to Make Quick Decisions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.071%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The absence of fixed tenure can delay significant long-term policy decisions, as the Council of Ministers often prioritizes political considerations.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8588%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Party Politics<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.071%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parliamentary systems can accentuate party interests over national concerns, leading to partisan decision-making.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8588%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bureaucratic Control<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 77.071%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Civil servants wield significant influence over ministers and policy, yet they are not directly accountable to the legislature.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Parliamentary Form of Government vs Presidential Form of Government<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Parliamentary Form of Government and Presidential Form of Government are two prominent forms of democratic governance. While both aim to uphold democracy, they differ significantly in structure, powers, and functioning. The table below highlights the key Differences Between the Parliamentary Form of Government and the Presidential Form of Government in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 94.79%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 93.8674%;\" colspan=\"3\"><b>Parliamentary Form of Government vs Presidential Form of Government<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 20.1403%;\">\n<p><strong>Feature<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 35.1844%;\">\n<p><strong>Parliamentary Form of Government<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 38.5427%;\">\n<p><strong>Presidential Form of Government<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1403%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Head of State<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.1844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">President (formal executive)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5427%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">President (both head of state and government)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1403%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Head of Government<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.1844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prime Minister (real executive)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5427%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">President<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1403%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Executive-Legislature Relationship<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.1844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Executive is drawn from the legislature and is accountable to it<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5427%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Executive and legislature are separate; President is not responsible to legislature<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1403%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collective Responsibility<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.1844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the legislature<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5427%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No concept of collective responsibility; President acts independently<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1403%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tenure<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.1844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depends on parliamentary confidence; no fixed term for government<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5427%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fixed tenure for the President and government officials<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1403%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decision-Making<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.1844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cabinet decisions are made collectively<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5427%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">President can make independent decisions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1403%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stability<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.1844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can be unstable if no clear parliamentary majority<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5427%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Generally more stable due to fixed tenure<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1403%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political Homogeneity<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.1844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ministers usually belong to the majority party or coalition<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5427%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cabinet may include members from different political affiliations if allowed<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1403%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Removal of Executive<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.1844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By parliamentary vote of no-confidence<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5427%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Impeachment through constitutional procedure<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.1403%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Role of Legislature<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 35.1844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strong oversight and accountability of executive<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.5427%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legislature and executive function independently<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 94.6885%; height: 125px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 94.6894%; text-align: center; height: 25px;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Also Check Other Posts<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 25px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/important-articles-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Important Articles of Indian Constitution<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 44.6894%; text-align: center; height: 25px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ninth-schedule\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>9th Schedule<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 25px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/schedules-of-the-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Schedules of Indian Constitution<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 44.6894%; text-align: center; height: 25px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/anti-defection-law\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Anti Defection Law<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center; height: 25px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/fifth-schedule\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>5th Schedule<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 44.6894%; text-align: center; height: 25px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/preamble-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Preamble of the Indian Constitution<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 94.6894%; text-align: center; height: 25px;\" colspan=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sixth-schedule\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>6th Schedule <\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn about India\u2019s Parliamentary Form of Government, including its history, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and differences from a Presidential system.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":65012,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[2874],"class_list":{"0":"post-65015","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-parliamentary-form-of-government","9":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65015","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65015"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65015\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":90834,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65015\/revisions\/90834"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/65012"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65015"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65015"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65015"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}