


{"id":65947,"date":"2025-09-30T17:25:57","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T11:55:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=65947"},"modified":"2025-09-30T17:25:57","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T11:55:57","slug":"aeolian-landforms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/aeolian-landforms\/","title":{"rendered":"Aeolian Landforms, Meaning,Types, Formation, Examples, Location"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aeolian landforms are land features shaped by the action of wind, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where rainfall is low and vegetation cover is sparse. The term Aeolian comes from the term- \u201cAeolus\u201d- the Greek god of winds. These landforms are formed through wind processes such as erosion, transportation, and deposition. In India, aeolian activity is most visible in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, covering about 2,00,000 sq. km of area.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Aeolian Landforms<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aeolian landforms are shaped through processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition by wind. Wind plays a significant role in desert regions, carrying fine particles over long distances and shaping both small-scale features like ripples and large-scale features like dunes. According to the Geological Survey of India (GSI), about 61% of India\u2019s arid land is affected by aeolian processes, making them crucial in India\u2019s desert ecology and land use.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Aeolian Landforms Types<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aeolian landforms are broadly divided into erosional landforms (formed by removal of material) and depositional landforms (formed by accumulation of material).<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 95.0895%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 94.2886%;\" colspan=\"3\"><strong>Aeolian Landforms Types<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 16.782%;\"><b>Types<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.463%;\"><b>Examples<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 34.0436%;\"><b>Description<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.782%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Erosional Landforms<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.463%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yardangs, Deflation Hollows, Mushroom Rocks, Ventifacts<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.0436%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Created when wind removes or sculpts materials<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.782%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depositional Landforms<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.463%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sand Dunes, Loess, Ripple Marks, Barchans, Longitudinal Dunes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.0436%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formed by deposition of wind-blown sediments<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Aeolian Processes in Geography<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aeolian Processes play a central role in shaping desert landscapes. These processes together create distinct erosional and depositional landforms. The main processes include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Deflation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The removal of loose particles like dust, silt, and sand by strong winds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Abrasion:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The wearing down of rock surfaces by wind-driven sand particles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Attrition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Breaking down of particles when they collide with each other during transport.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Transportation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Wind carries sediments in three ways:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Suspension <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(fine particles carried over long distances)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Saltation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(bouncing movement of sand grains)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Surface Creep <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(rolling of coarse particles along the ground)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Erosional Aeolian Landforms<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Erosional landforms are created when wind removes or sculpts material.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b> Yardangs<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yardangs are streamlined ridges carved by wind abrasion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are elongated in the direction of prevailing winds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Famous examples are found in the Sahara Desert (Egypt, Libya) and Thar Desert near Jaisalmer.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b> Deflation Hollows<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Large depressions formed by wind removal of loose materials.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the depression deepens below the water table, oases may form.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example: Qattara Depression in Egypt, one of the largest in the world.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><b> Mushroom Rocks (Pedestal Rocks)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rocks shaped like mushrooms due to stronger erosion at the base compared to the top.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common in Jaisalmer and Barmer districts of Rajasthan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Created due to differential abrasion by sand-laden winds.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><b> Ventifacts<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stones or pebbles polished and faceted by wind abrasion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Found in cold deserts of Ladakh and also in parts of the Thar Desert.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><b> Zeugen<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tabular masses of soft rock overlain by harder rock.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wind erodes the softer part, leaving flat-topped ridges.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example: Sahara Desert.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><b> Demoiselles<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rock pillars formed when softer rock erodes, leaving behind harder rock caps.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They look like \u201crock statues\u201d or \u201cearth pillars\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Found in deserts as well as in some glacial regions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><b> Inselbergs (Isolated Hills)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Steep-sided isolated hills rising abruptly from desert plains.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although partly fluvial in origin, wind action enhances their prominence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example: Inselbergs in Kalahari Desert; in India, Arawalli outcrops in western Rajasthan.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><b> Blowouts (Deflation Basins)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shallow depressions created by strong winds removing loose sand.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common in Thar Desert.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><b> Desert Pavement<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surface covered by pebbles and gravel after finer particles are blown away.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example: Southwestern USA deserts; also seen in parts of Rajasthan.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Depositional Aeolian Landforms<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When wind loses energy, it deposits sediments, forming characteristic landforms. These depositional landforms are vital for understanding desert dynamics and soil distribution.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b> Sand Dunes<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sand dunes are the most common aeolian depositional landforms. Their shapes depend on wind direction, speed, and sand availability.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Barchans (Crescent-shaped Dunes):<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formed by unidirectional winds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The convex side faces the wind, with slip faces on the leeward side.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Found in Jaisalmer and Bikaner(Rajasthan).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Seif or Longitudinal Dunes:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Long parallel ridges aligned with prevailing winds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can extend for several kilometers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seen in the western Thar Desert.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Transverse Dunes:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formed perpendicular to prevailing winds when sand supply is abundant.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Found near Barmer in Rajasthan.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Parabolic Dunes:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U-shaped dunes formed in coastal areas with vegetation anchoring their arms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Found along the Odisha and Tamil Nadu coasts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Star Dunes:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pyramid-shaped dunes formed by multi-directional winds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common in large deserts like the Sahara but rare in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><b> Loess Deposits<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fine dust and silt carried by wind and deposited over large areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loess creates highly fertile soils.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Loess Plateau in China is the best example globally.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In India, thin loess deposits are found in parts of Ladakh and Kashmir valleys.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><b> Ripple Marks<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Small-scale ridges formed on sand surfaces due to wind action.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Common on sand dunes in Rajasthan deserts and coastal beaches across India.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><b> Sand Sheets (Ergs or Sand Seas)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vast flat areas covered by sand with little vegetation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example: Rub al-Khali (Saudi Arabia); in India, Marusthali in Rajasthan.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><b> Draas (Mega Dunes)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Very large dunes that can be several kilometers in length and hundreds of meters in height.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Found in the Sahara Desert; smaller forms in the Thar Desert.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><b> Loess Plateau<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Large accumulation of loess forming a plateau.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example: Loess Plateau in China (world\u2019s thickest loess deposits).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Aeolian Landforms in India<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India presents a variety of aeolian features, mainly in arid and semi-arid zones. According to the National Remote Sensing Centre (ISRO), over 40,000 sq. km in Rajasthan is dominated by active sand dunes, showing the intensity of aeolian activity.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Thar Desert (Rajasthan):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Extensive dune fields, yardangs, mushroom rocks covering nearly 60% of India\u2019s arid land.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rann of Kutch (Gujarat): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seasonal desert with aeolian deposits.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cold Deserts (Ladakh and Spiti): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ventifacts and small sand dunes formed by strong cold winds.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Coastal Regions (Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parabolic dunes and ripple marks are common.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Aeolian Landforms Significance<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aeolian landforms have geographical, ecological, and economic importance as listed below:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Agriculture:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Loess deposits form some of the world\u2019s most fertile soils.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Tourism:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sand dunes in Jaisalmer and Bikaner are major tourist attractions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Wind Energy: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Desert landscapes with high wind speeds are suitable for wind farms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cultural Value:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Desert communities adapt their lifestyle around these landforms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Hazards:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Shifting dunes and dust storms can damage infrastructure and reduce soil fertility.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Aeolian Landforms Global Context<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Globally, Aeolian Landscapes are found in deserts, semi-arid regions, and sandy coasts. Comparing India\u2019s aeolian landforms with global examples helps in understanding their diversity and distribution.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 64.3194%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 114.936%;\" colspan=\"2\"><b>Aeolian Landforms Global Context<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 42.4723%;\"><b>Region<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 72.4639%;\"><b>Notable Features<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 42.4723%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sahara Desert<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 72.4639%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yardangs, star dunes, deflation hollows<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 42.4723%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gobi Desert (China &amp; Mongolia)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 72.4639%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Longitudinal dunes, ventifacts<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 42.4723%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loess Plateau (China)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 72.4639%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">World\u2019s thickest loess deposits<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 42.4723%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Atacama Desert (Chile)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 72.4639%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mushroom rocks, barchans<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 42.4723%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Great Victoria Desert (Australia)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 72.4639%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Large sand ridge systems<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Aeolian Landforms UPSC<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aeolian landforms are a product of wind erosion and deposition, shaping landscapes in deserts and coastal regions. In India, they are prominently visible in the Thar Desert, Rann of Kutch, Ladakh, and coastal belts. From yardangs and mushroom rocks to sand dunes and loess deposits, these features reflect the dynamic interaction between wind and sediments. 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Explore their types, formation, and locations in India &#038; worldwide.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":65755,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[2999],"class_list":{"0":"post-65947","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-aeolian-landforms","9":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65947","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65947"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65947\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/65755"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65947"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65947"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65947"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}