{"id":67110,"date":"2025-11-02T11:00:51","date_gmt":"2025-11-02T05:30:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=67110"},"modified":"2025-11-03T17:10:47","modified_gmt":"2025-11-03T11:40:47","slug":"nobel-prize-in-medicine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-prize-in-medicine\/","title":{"rendered":"Nobel Prize Winners 2025 in Physiology or Medicine, Name, Contribution"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 was announced on October 6, 2025, by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. This year\u2019s award recognizes path-breaking research explaining how the immune system prevents attacks on the body\u2019s own tissues, a concept known as peripheral immune tolerance. The discovery offers new understanding of autoimmune diseases and opens ways for modern immunotherapies.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Nobel Prize 2025 in Medicine<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Nobel Prize 2025 in Medicine was jointly awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their discovery of mechanisms that maintain immune self-tolerance. Their research identified the FOXP3 gene and its role in developing regulatory T cells (Tregs), immune cells that prevent the body from attacking itself. This discovery has transformed immunology, enabling new approaches to treat autoimmune diseases, allergies, and organ rejection. The announcement was made on Monday, 6 October, 11:30 CEST at The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, Wallenbergsalen, Nobel Forum, Nobels v\u00e4g 1, Solna.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Historical Background<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the most prestigious international awards in medical science. Established in 1901 according to Alfred Nobel\u2019s will, it recognizes discoveries that have \u201cconferred the greatest benefit to humankind.\u201d Awarded annually by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, it honors contributions in physiology, medicine, and biomedical research that significantly advance human health and understanding of life sciences.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><div class=\"ytb-video-wrapper\">\n        <div class=\"ytb-video-inner\">\n            <iframe \n                src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ig91d18hdtc\" \n                width=\"560\" \n                height=\"315\" \n                frameborder=\"0\" \n                allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" \n                allowfullscreen>\n            <\/iframe>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div><\/p>\n<h2><b>Nobel Prize Winners 2025 in Physiology or Medicine<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-prize-winners-2025\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Nobel Prize 2025<\/strong><\/a> continues the legacy by honoring discoveries in immunology, one of the most influential areas of modern medicine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>1. Mary E. Brunkow (USA): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mary E. Brunkow, an American geneticist, identified the FOXP3 gene mutation responsible for immune system imbalance in both humans and mice. Her work showed how a defective FOXP3 gene leads to loss of immune control, causing severe autoimmune disorders such as Type 1 diabetes and IPEX syndrome. This discovery revealed the genetic foundation of immune self-tolerance and opened new directions in molecular immunology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Fred Ramsdell (USA): <\/strong>Fred Ramsdell, an American immunologist, confirmed the functional importance of the FOXP3 gene and its connection to regulatory T cells (Tregs). He demonstrated that FOXP3 acts as a \u201cmaster control gene\u201d guiding Treg formation. Ramsdell\u2019s contribution bridged genetics and immunology, showing how gene expression regulates immune stability. His findings have helped in developing targeted therapies for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.\u00a0 Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan): <\/strong>Shimon Sakaguchi, a Japanese scientist, first discovered regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the early 1990s. His research proved that these cells act as \u201cimmune guardians,\u201d preventing harmful attacks on the body\u2019s own tissues. Sakaguchi\u2019s work clarified how the immune system balances defense and tolerance, a key to understanding autoimmune diseases. His pioneering studies formed the foundation that later linked with Brunkow\u2019s and Ramsdell\u2019s findings.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Together, these scientists uncovered the complete mechanism of immune self-control, linking a genetic key (FOXP3) to its cellular regulators (Tregs).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Also Read:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-prize-in-economic-sciences\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Nobel Prize 2025 in Economic Sciences<\/b><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-peace-prize-2025\/\" target=\"_blank\">Nobel Peace Prize 2025<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earlier Nobel Prizes in Medicine have recognized transformative discoveries across fields such as immunology, genetics, physiology, and virology. Some notable laureates include:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine (1901-2025)<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 93.3865%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 92.2368%;\" colspan=\"4\"><b>Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine (1901-2025)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%; text-align: center;\"><b>S. No.<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%; text-align: center;\"><b>Year<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%; text-align: center;\"><b>Name<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%; text-align: center;\"><b>Contribution<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2025<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2024<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Victor Ambros, Gary Ruvkun<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2023<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Katalin Karik\u00f3, Drew Weissman<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications enabling mRNA COVID-19 vaccines<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2022<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Svante P\u00e4\u00e4bo<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2021<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Julius, Ardem Patapoutian<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2020<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton, Charles M. Rice<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of Hepatitis C virus<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2019<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, Gregg L. Semenza<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2018<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">James P. Allison, Tasuku Honjo<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2017<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2016<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yoshinori Ohsumi<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2015<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">William C. Campbell, Satoshi \u014cmura, Tu Youyou<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning therapies against roundworm infections and Malaria<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2014<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John O&#8217;Keefe, May-Britt Moser, Edvard I. Moser<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of cells constituting a positioning system in the brain<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2013<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman, Thomas C. S\u00fcdhof<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2012<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir John B. Gurdon, Shinya Yamanaka<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">15<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2011<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann, Ralph M. Steinman<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on activation of innate immunity and dendritic cells&#8217; role in adaptive immunity<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">16<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2010<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert G. Edwards<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development of in vitro fertilization<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">17<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2009<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and telomerase<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harald zur Hausen, Fran\u00e7oise Barr\u00e9-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of HPV causing cervical cancer and HIV<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">19<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2007<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of principles for gene modifications in mice using embryonic stem cells<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2006<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of RNA interference (gene silencing by double-stranded RNA)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">21<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2005<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">22<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2004<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of odorant receptors and organization of the olfactory system<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">23<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2003<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">24<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">25<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2001<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leland Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul Nurse<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">26<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2000<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric Kandel<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">27<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1999<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G\u00fcnter Blobel<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals governing transport and localization<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">28<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1998<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">29<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1997<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stanley B. Prusiner<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of Prions as a new biological principle of infection<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">30<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1996<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning specificity of cell-mediated immune defence<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">31<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1995<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edward B. Lewis, Christiane N\u00fcsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning genetic control of early embryonic development<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1994<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of G-proteins and their role in signal transduction<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">33<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1993<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of split genes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">34<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1992<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">35<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1991<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">36<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1990<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in treatment of human disease<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">37<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1989<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">38<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1988<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of important principles for drug treatment<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">39<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1987<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susumu Tonegawa<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">40<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1986<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of growth factors<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">41<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1985<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning regulation of cholesterol metabolism<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">42<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1984<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. K\u00f6hler, C\u00e9sar Milstein<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Theories on immune system specificity and monoclonal antibody production<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">43<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1983<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Barbara McClintock<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of mobile genetic elements<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">44<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1982<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sune K. Bergstr\u00f6m, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related substances<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">45<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1981<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on cerebral hemisphere specialization and visual system information processing<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">46<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1980<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning genetically determined structures regulating immunological reactions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">47<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1979<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development of computer-assisted tomography<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">48<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1978<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of restriction enzymes and their application in molecular genetics<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">49<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1977<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on peptide hormone production and radioimmunoassays<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">50<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1976<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on new mechanisms for origin and dissemination of infectious diseases<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">51<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1975<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard M. Temin<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">52<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1974<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on structural and functional organization of the cell<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">53<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1973<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning individual and social behaviour patterns<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">54<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1972<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning chemical structure of antibodies<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">55<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1971<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on mechanisms of hormone action<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">56<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1970<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on humoral transmitters in nerve terminals<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">57<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1969<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Max Delbr\u00fcck, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on virus replication mechanism and genetic structure<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">58<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1968<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interpretation of genetic code and its role in protein synthesis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">59<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1967<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ragnar Granit, Keffer Hartline, George Wald<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on primary physiological and chemical visual processes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">60<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1966<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peyton Rous, Charles B. Huggins<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of tumor-inducing viruses and hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">61<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1965<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fran\u00e7ois Jacob, Andr\u00e9 Lwoff, Jacques Monod<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">62<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1964<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning mechanism and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">63<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1963<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning ionic mechanisms in excitation and inhibition of nerve cells<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">64<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1962<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">65<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1961<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Georg von B\u00e9k\u00e9sy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">66<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1960<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Medawar<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of acquired immunological tolerance<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">67<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1959<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of mechanisms in the biological synthesis of RNA and DNA<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">68<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1958<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">George Beadle, Edward Tatum, Joshua Lederberg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery that genes act by regulating chemical events and genetic recombination in bacteria<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">69<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1957<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Daniel Bovet<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries relating to synthetic compounds inhibiting certain body substances, especially vascular system and skeletal muscles<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">70<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1956<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andr\u00e9 F. Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory system pathology<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">71<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1955<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hugo Theorell<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">72<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1954<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John F. Enders, Thomas H. Weller, Frederick C. Robbins<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of poliomyelitis virus growth in tissue cultures<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">73<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1953<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hans Krebs, Fritz Lipmann<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of citric acid cycle and co-enzyme A in intermediary metabolism<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">74<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1952<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Selman A. Waksman<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of streptomycin, first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">75<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1951<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Max Theiler<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning yellow fever and its control<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">76<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1950<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edward C. Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip S. Hench<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries relating to adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and effects<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">77<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1949<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Walter Hess, Egas Moniz<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of functional organization of the interbrain and therapeutic value of leucotomy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">78<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1948<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul M\u00fcller<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of high efficiency of DDT as contact poison against arthropods<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">79<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1947<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carl Cori, Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of catalytic conversion of glycogen and hormone role in sugar metabolism<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">80<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1946<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hermann J. Muller<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of mutation production by X-ray irradiation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">81<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1945<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst B. Chain, Sir Howard Florey<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in infectious diseases<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">82<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1944<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Joseph Erlanger, Herbert S. Gasser<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries on highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibers<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">83<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1943<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Henrik Dam, Edward A. Doisy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of vitamin K and its chemical nature<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">84<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1942<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to main and special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">85<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1941<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to main and special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">86<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1940<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to main and special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">87<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1939<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gerhard Domagk<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of antibacterial effects of prontosil<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">88<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1938<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Corneille Heymans<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">89<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1937<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries in biological combustion processes, vitamin C, catalysis of fumaric acid<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">90<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1936<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir Henry Dale, Otto Loewi<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">91<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1935<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hans Spemann<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">92<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1934<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">George H. Whipple, George R. Minot, William P. Murphy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning liver therapy in anemia<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">93<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1933<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thomas H. Morgan<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries concerning chromosome role in heredity<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">94<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1932<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir Charles Sherrington, Edgar Adrian<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries regarding neuron functions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">95<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1931<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Otto Warburg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of nature and mode of action of respiratory enzyme<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">96<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1930<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Karl Landsteiner<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of human blood groups<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">97<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1929<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Hopkins<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of antineuritic vitamin and growth-stimulating vitamins<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">98<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1928<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Charles Nicolle<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on typhus<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">99<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1927<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Julius Wagner-Jauregg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">100<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1926<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Johannes Fibiger<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of Spiroptera carcinoma<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">101<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1925<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">102<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1924<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Willem Einthoven<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">103<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1923<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frederick G. Banting, John Macleod<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of insulin<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">104<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1922<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archibald V. Hill, Otto Meyerhof<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries relating to heat production in muscle and oxygen-lactic acid metabolism<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">105<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1921<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">106<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1920<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">August Krogh<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discovery of capillary motor regulating mechanism<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">107<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1919<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jules Bordet<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discoveries relating to immunity<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">108<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1918<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">109<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1917<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">110<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1916<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">111<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1915<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">112<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1914<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert B\u00e1r\u00e1ny<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on physiology and pathology of vestibular apparatus<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">113<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1913<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Charles Richet<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on anaphylaxis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">114<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1912<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alexis Carrel<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on vascular suture and organ transplantation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">115<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1911<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allvar Gullstrand<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on dioptrics of the eye<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">116<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1910<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Albrecht Kossel<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contributions to cell chemistry through work on proteins and nucleic substances<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">117<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1909<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Theodor Kocher<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on physiology, pathology, and surgery of thyroid gland<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">118<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1908<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ilya Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on immunity<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">119<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1907<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alphonse Laveran<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on role of protozoa in causing diseases<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">120<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1906<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on structure of nervous system<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">121<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1905<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert Koch<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">122<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1904<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ivan Pavlov<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on physiology of digestion<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">123<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1903<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Niels Ryberg Finsen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contribution to treatment of diseases using concentrated light radiation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">124<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1902<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ronald Ross<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on malaria, showing its entry into the organism and methods to combat it<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 4.90982%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">125<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 6.0546%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1901<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.7572%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emil von Behring<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 54.5152%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Work on serum therapy, especially against diphtheria<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nobel Prize Winners 2025 in Medicine awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell &#038; Shimon Sakaguchi for discovering FOXP3 gene and immune self-tolerance mechanisms advancing immunotherapy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":67048,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[3110,3111],"class_list":{"0":"post-67110","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-nobel-prize-winners-in-physiology-or-medicine-2025","9":"tag-nobel-prize-winners-medicine","10":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67110"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67110\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/67048"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=67110"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=67110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}