


{"id":67492,"date":"2025-10-13T10:50:31","date_gmt":"2025-10-13T05:20:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=67492"},"modified":"2025-10-13T16:20:39","modified_gmt":"2025-10-13T10:50:39","slug":"nobel-prize-in-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-prize-in-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"Nobel Prize 2025 in Chemistry, Winner Name, Contribution"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar Yaghi are the recipients of the 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their groundbreaking contributions to molecular architecture. They created a novel molecular structure where metal ions serve as cornerstones linked by extended organic (carbon-based) molecules.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Established by the will of Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor of dynamite, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded annually since 1901. It honors individuals who have made significant contributions to the advancement of chemistry. The prize includes a medal, a diploma, and a cash award, which in 2024 amounted to 11 million Swedish kronor (approximately \u20b910 crore).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Nobel Prize 2025 in Chemistry<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar Yaghi have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for their pioneering work in molecular architecture. They developed a new type of molecular structure in which metal ions act as cornerstones, connected by long organic (carbon-based) molecules. Together, these components form crystalline structures with large internal cavities. These highly porous materials are known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). By altering the building blocks, chemists can design MOFs to capture and store specific substances, facilitate chemical reactions, or even conduct electricity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Also Check:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-prize-in-economic-sciences\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Nobel Prize 2025 in Economic Sciences<\/b><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-prize-in-medicine\/\" target=\"_blank\">Nobel Prize 2025 in Medicine<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Nobel Prize in Chemistry Historical Background<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is one of the most prestigious awards in the field of science, established in accordance with the will of Alfred Nobel, the Swedish industrialist, chemist, and inventor of dynamite. Alfred Nobel\u2019s vision was to reward individuals whose work \u201cconferred the greatest benefit to humankind\u201d, and the chemistry prize was meant to honor outstanding achievements in chemical research and innovation.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Founder: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alfred Nobel (1833-1896), Swedish chemist, engineer, and inventor of dynamite.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Purpose:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To reward contributions that benefit humanity, especially in chemistry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>First Awarded:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1901, with Jacobus H. van &#8216;t Hoff as the inaugural laureate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Administered by: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Selection Process: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nominations and recommendations are reviewed by experts, ensuring originality, scientific merit, and impact.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Prize Components: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medal, diploma, and cash award.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scope: Recognizes both fundamental research and applied chemistry, including biochemistry, organic\/inorganic chemistry, molecular biology, and chemical engineering.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Global Influence:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Encourages international collaboration and inspires generations of chemists.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Historical Significance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Demonstrates the evolution of chemistry and highlights landmark discoveries that have shaped modern science.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Also Check:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-peace-prize-2025\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Nobel Peace Prize 2025<\/b><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-prize-in-physics\/\" target=\"_blank\">Nobel Prize Winners 2025 in Physics<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry List (2024-1901)<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its inception in 1901, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded<\/span><b> 116 times<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to a total of <\/span><b>197 laureates between 1901 and 2025<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Remarkably, two chemists, Frederick Sanger and K. Barry Sharpless, have each been honored twice for their groundbreaking contributions. Accounting for these multiple awards, a total of 195 individuals have received the prestigious prize.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 90.482%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 89.3613%;\" colspan=\"3\"><b>Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry List (2025-1901)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%; text-align: center;\"><b>Year<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%; text-align: center;\"><b>Winners<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%; text-align: center;\"><b>Contribution<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2025<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson and Omar Yaghi<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For metal-organic frameworks (MOF)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2024<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">David Baker<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For computational protein design<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2024<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Demis Hassabis, John Jumper<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For protein structure prediction<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2023<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus, Aleksey Yekimov<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2022<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carolyn Bertozzi, Morten Meldal, K. Barry Sharpless<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2021<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Benjamin List, David W.C. MacMillan<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the development of asymmetric organocatalysis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2020<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emmanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer A. Doudna<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the development of a method for genome editing<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2019<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, Akira Yoshino<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the development of lithium-ion batteries<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2018<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frances H. Arnold<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the directed evolution of enzymes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2018<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">George P. Smith, Sir Gregory P. Winter<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the phage display of peptides and antibodies<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2017<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, Richard Henderson<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For developing cryo-electron microscopy for high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2016<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart, Bernard L. Feringa<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the design and synthesis of molecular machines<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2015<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich, Aziz Sancar<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For mechanistic studies of DNA repair<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2014<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell, William E. Moerner<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2013<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, Arieh Warshel<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2012<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert J. Lefkowitz, Brian Kobilka<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For studies of G-protein-coupled receptors<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2011<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dan Shechtman<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the discovery of quasicrystals<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2010<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2009<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For studies of the structure and function of the ribosome<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2007<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gerhard Ertl<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2006<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roger D. Kornberg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2005<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2004<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2003<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peter Agre<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the discovery of water channels<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2003<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roderick MacKinnon<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kurt W\u00fcthrich<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining 3D structure of biological macromolecules in solution<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2001<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">William Knowles, Ryoji Noyori<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2001<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">K. Barry Sharpless<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2000<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alan Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the discovery and development of conductive polymers<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1999<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ahmed Zewail<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1998<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Walter Kohn<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For development of the density-functional theory<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1998<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John Pople<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For development of computational methods in quantum chemistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1997<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying ATP synthesis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1997<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jens C. Skou<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1996<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold Kroto, Richard E. Smalley<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery of fullerenes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1995<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work in atmospheric chemistry, especially on ozone formation and decomposition<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1994<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">George A. Olah<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contribution to carbocation chemistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1993<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kary B. Mullis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1993<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michael Smith<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contributions to site-directed mutagenesis for protein studies<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1992<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rudolph A. Marcus<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1991<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard R. Ernst<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contributions to the development of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1990<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elias James Corey<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1989<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery of catalytic properties of RNA<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1988<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For determination of the 3D structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1987<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1986<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contributions concerning dynamics of chemical elementary processes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1985<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For development of direct methods for determination of crystal structures<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1984<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bruce Merrifield<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1983<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Henry Taube<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1982<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aaron Klug<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For development of crystallographic electron microscopy and structural elucidation of nucleic acid-protein complexes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1981<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For theories concerning the course of chemical reactions, developed independently<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1980<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul Berg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, especially recombinant DNA<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1980<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1979<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For development of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds as reagents in organic synthesis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1978<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peter Mitchell<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contribution to understanding of biological energy transfer via chemiosmotic theory<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1977<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ilya Prigogine<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly dissipative structures<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1976<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">William Lipscomb<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For studies on structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1975<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John Cornforth<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1975<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vladimir Prelog<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For research into stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1974<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul J. Flory<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For achievements in physical chemistry of macromolecules<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1973<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For pioneering work on organometallic \u201csandwich\u201d compounds<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1972<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Christian Anfinsen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on ribonuclease connecting amino acid sequence to biologically active conformation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1972<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stanford Moore, William H. Stein<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For understanding connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of ribonuclease<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1971<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gerhard Herzberg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contributions to knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1970<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Luis Leloir<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in carbohydrate biosynthesis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1969<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Derek Barton, Odd Hassel<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contributions to the development of concept of conformation and its application in chemistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1968<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lars Onsager<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery of reciprocal relations fundamental for thermodynamics of irreversible processes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1967<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Manfred Eigen, Ronald G.W. Norrish, George Porter<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For studies of extremely fast chemical reactions using short pulses of energy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1966<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert S. Mulliken<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For fundamental work on chemical bonds and electronic structure using molecular orbital method<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1965<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Robert B. Woodward<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1964<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For determination by X-ray techniques of structures of important biochemical substances<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1963<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discoveries in chemistry and technology of high polymers<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1962<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Max F. Perutz, John C. Kendrew<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For studies of structures of globular proteins<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1961<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Melvin Calvin<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For research on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1960<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Willard F. Libby<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For method to use carbon-14 for age determination in various sciences<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1959<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jaroslav Heyrovsky<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery and development of polarographic methods of analysis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1958<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frederick Sanger<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on structure of proteins, especially insulin<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1957<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lord Todd<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1956<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir Cyril Hinshelwood, Nikolay Semenov<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For researches into mechanism of chemical reactions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1955<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vincent du Vigneaud<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on biochemically important sulfur compounds, especially first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1954<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Linus Pauling<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For research into nature of chemical bond and elucidation of complex substances<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1953<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hermann Staudinger<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discoveries in macromolecular chemistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1952<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archer J.P. Martin, Richard L.M. Synge<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For invention of partition chromatography<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1951<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edwin M. McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discoveries in chemistry of transuranium elements<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1950<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Otto Diels, Kurt Alder<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery and development of diene synthesis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1949<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">William F. Giauque<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contributions in chemical thermodynamics, especially at extremely low temperatures<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1948<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arne Tiselius<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis of serum proteins<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1947<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir Robert Robinson<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially alkaloids<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1946<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">James B. Sumner<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery that enzymes can be crystallized<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1946<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">John H. Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1945<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artturi Virtanen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially fodder preservation method<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1944<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Otto Hahn<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery of fission of heavy nuclei<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1943<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">George de Hevesy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For use of isotopes as tracers in study of chemical processes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1942<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No Nobel Prize awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1941<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No Nobel Prize awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1940<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No Nobel Prize awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1939<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adolf Butenandt<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on sex hormones<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1939<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leopold Ruzicka<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1938<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard Kuhn<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on carotenoids and vitamins<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1937<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Norman Haworth<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1937<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul Karrer<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For investigations on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins A and B2<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1936<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Peter Debye<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contributions to molecular structure via dipole moments and X-ray\/electron diffraction in gases<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1935<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Joliot, Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1934<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harold C. Urey<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery of heavy hydrogen<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1933<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No Nobel Prize awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1932<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Irving Langmuir<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1931<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In recognition of contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1930<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hans Fischer<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and synthesis of haemin<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1929<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arthur Harden, Hans von Euler-Chelpin<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For investigations on fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1928<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adolf Windaus<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For research into constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1927<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Heinrich Wieland<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For investigations of constitution of bile acids and related substances<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1926<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Svedberg<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on disperse systems<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1925<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard Zsigmondy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For demonstration of heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and methods fundamental to colloid chemistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1924<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No Nobel Prize awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1923<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fritz Pregl<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For invention of method of micro-analysis of organic substances<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1922<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Francis W. Aston<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery of isotopes in non-radioactive elements using mass spectrograph and enunciation of whole-number rule<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1921<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Frederick Soddy<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For contributions to chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into origin and nature of isotopes<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1920<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Walther Nernst<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In recognition of his work in thermochemistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1919<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No Nobel Prize awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1918<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fritz Haber<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For synthesis of ammonia from its elements<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1917<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No Nobel Prize awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1916<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No Nobel Prize awarded<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prize money allocated to special fund<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1915<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Richard Willst\u00e4tter<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1914<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Theodore W. Richards<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For accurate determinations of atomic weight of many chemical elements<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1913<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alfred Werner<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on linkage of atoms in molecules, opening new fields especially in inorganic chemistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1912<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Victor Grignard<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery of Grignard reagent advancing organic chemistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1912<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul Sabatier<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For method of hydrogenating organic compounds in presence of finely disintegrated metals, advancing organic chemistry<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1911<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marie Curie<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery of radium and polonium, isolation of radium, and study of its compounds<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1910<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Otto Wallach<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For services to organic chemistry and chemical industry via pioneering work on alicyclic compounds<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1909<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wilhelm Ostwald<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For work on catalysis and investigations into principles governing chemical equilibria and reaction rates<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1908<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ernest Rutherford<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For investigations into disintegration of elements and chemistry of radioactive substances<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1907<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eduard Buchner<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For biochemical research and discovery of cell-free fermentation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1906<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Henri Moissan<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For investigation and isolation of fluorine and development of Moissan electric furnace<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1905<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adolf von Baeyer<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For advancement of organic chemistry and chemical industry through work on dyes and hydroaromatic compounds<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1904<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sir William Ramsay<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery of inert gaseous elements in air and determination of their place in periodic system<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1903<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Svante Arrhenius<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For extraordinary services to chemistry via electrolytic theory of dissociation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1902<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emil Fischer<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For extraordinary services via work on sugar and purine syntheses<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 6.72758%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1901<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.0144%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jacobus H. van &#8216;t Hoff<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.6193%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For discovery of laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nobel Prize 2025 in Chemistry awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson &#038; Omar Yaghi for developing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that revolutionize molecular architecture.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":67254,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[3137],"class_list":{"0":"post-67492","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-nobel-prize-2025-in-chemistry","9":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67492","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67492"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67492\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/67254"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67492"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=67492"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=67492"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}