


{"id":68974,"date":"2025-10-14T16:38:24","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T11:08:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=68974"},"modified":"2025-10-14T16:38:24","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T11:08:24","slug":"feminization-of-poverty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/feminization-of-poverty\/","title":{"rendered":"Feminization of Poverty, Causes, Measures, Impact, Legal Aspects"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The feminization of poverty refers to the growing proportion of women among the world\u2019s poor and the widening gap between men and women trapped in poverty. According to the United Nations, of the 1.5 billion people living on less than one dollar a day, the majority are women. Women earn slightly more than 50% of what men earn globally, and their access to education, credit, land, and inheritance remains limited. This deepens inequality and perpetuates poverty cycles.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Feminization of Poverty<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The term \u201cfeminization of poverty\u201d first emerged in the 1970s and gained prominence in the 1990s through UN documents highlighting gendered patterns of poverty. It is a relative concept that examines how poverty reduction affects women and men differently. For instance, if men\u2019s poverty decreases but women\u2019s poverty remains stagnant, it reflects feminization of poverty.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Feminization of Poverty in India<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In India, women\u2019s poverty is largely human poverty, encompassing inadequate food, housing, education, and healthcare rather than mere income deprivation. Despite economic growth, gender-based inequalities in access to opportunities persist, making this issue both a developmental and social concern.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Feminization of Poverty Causes<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The feminization of poverty arises from interlinked social, economic, and environmental factors. Major factors responsible for the Feminization of Poverty are listed below:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gender Pay Gap: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women consistently earn less than men for similar work. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), Indian women earn about 20\u201330% less than men on average, reducing their financial independence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Unpaid and Care Work: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women perform over 75% of unpaid domestic work, such as childcare, cooking, and household management. This work, though essential, remains unrecognized in GDP calculations, restricting women\u2019s economic visibility.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Education Disparities: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/unesco-world-heritage-sites-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>UNESCO<\/strong><\/a>\u2019s Global Education Monitoring Report (2023), India\u2019s female literacy rate is 70.3%, compared to 84.7% for males. Limited education access reduces women\u2019s ability to secure skilled and well-paid jobs, mainly due to early marriage, household responsibilities, or financial constraints.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Land and Property Ownership: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only 13% of Indian women own agricultural land, as per the Agricultural Census 2020-21. Unequal inheritance laws and patriarchal customs restrict women\u2019s control over assets.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Patriarchy and Social Norms: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cultural expectations often confine women to domestic spaces. Early marriage and social restrictions limit their workforce participation and access to economic mobility.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Employment in Informal Sector: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over 94% of women workers in India are engaged in informal, low-paying, and insecure jobs (Economic Survey 2023), leaving them more vulnerable to economic shocks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Impact of <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\">Climate Change<\/a>: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Climate change has deepened gendered poverty. A UNDP India Report (2022) highlights that women are more vulnerable to climate-induced disasters, droughts, and crop loss. In rural India, women often walk long distances to fetch water or fuel, increasing their unpaid workload. Crop failures due to erratic rainfall directly affect women\u2019s livelihoods in agriculture and fisheries, reinforcing economic marginalization.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Healthcare Inequality: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public health systems often neglect women\u2019s needs. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) found that over 57% of Indian women are anemic, and maternal mortality remains high in rural areas due to malnutrition and lack of access to facilities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Nutritional Disparity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women, particularly in northern India, often eat last and least in households. NFHS-5 data reveals only 46% of women consume dairy or fruits daily, reflecting deep-rooted nutritional inequality.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Measures of Feminization of Poverty<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To understand the multidimensional nature of gendered poverty, several indices are used as tabulated below. These indices help policymakers understand and track gender-based disparities in development outcomes.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 94.2875%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 93.2865%;\" colspan=\"4\"><b>Measures of Feminization of Poverty<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 25.1929%;\"><b>Index<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 12.3579%;\"><b>Developed By<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 27.379%;\"><b>Focus Area<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 28.3567%;\"><b>Relevance<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1929%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender-related Development Index (GDI)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.3579%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNDP<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.379%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adjusts Human Development Index for gender inequality<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 28.3567%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Measures life expectancy, education, and income gaps<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1929%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.3579%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNDP<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.379%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Political and economic participation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 28.3567%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Highlights women\u2019s role in decision-making<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1929%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human Poverty Index (HPI) [Replaced with Multidimensional Poverty Index, 2011]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.3579%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNDP and OPHI<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.379%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multidimensional poverty (health, literacy, living standards)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 28.3567%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Captures human deprivation beyond income [replaced in 2010 by the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1929%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender Inequality Index (GII)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 12.3579%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNDP<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 27.379%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gender disparity in reproductive health, empowerment, and economic status<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 28.3567%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Replaced the HPI in 2010 and can be used to analyze gender biases within households<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Feminization of Poverty Impact<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The major impacts of Feminization of Poverty based on the categories such as Economic, Social, Political, etc has been discussed below:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic Impact:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Women\u2019s limited participation in the workforce lowers national productivity and economic growth potential.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Social Impact:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Higher female poverty rates perpetuate child malnutrition, low education levels, and health challenges across generations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Political Impact:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Women\u2019s underrepresentation in decision-making restricts policy formulation that addresses their needs effectively.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Intergenerational Cycle:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Poverty among women passes down to children through poor education, malnutrition, and health vulnerabilities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Environmental Impact:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Women in agriculture and resource-based livelihoods suffer most during climate shocks, leading to economic displacement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Government Policies Addressing Feminization of Poverty<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To address gendered poverty, India has launched several welfare and empowerment programs that target economic, social, and educational upliftment of women.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 99.0982%;\" colspan=\"3\"><b>Government Policies Addressing Feminization of Poverty<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 18.9379%;\"><b>Policy\/ Programme<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 21.7435%;\"><b>Objective<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 58.4168%;\"><b>Impact<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.9379%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.7435%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promote women-led Self-Help Groups (SHGs)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4168%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of June 30, 2024, the government reported that 10.05 crore women had been organized into more than 90.86 lakh SHGs under the mission<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.9379%;\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/beti-bachao-beti-padhao\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Beti Bachao Beti Padhao<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.7435%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Improve girl child survival and education<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4168%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for girls in secondary education saw a significant increase from 75.51% in 2014-2015 to 78% in 2023-2024<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.9379%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.7435%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide collateral-free loans for women entrepreneurs<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4168%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over 68% of loans sanctioned to women<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.9379%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.7435%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maternity benefits to pregnant and lactating women<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4168%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enhanced maternal health and nutrition<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.9379%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One Stop Centre Scheme<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.7435%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Support victims of gender-based violence<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4168%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Offered legal, medical, and counseling services nationwide<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 18.9379%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stand-Up India Scheme<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 21.7435%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Financial inclusion of women and SC\/ST entrepreneurs<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4168%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As of April 5, 2025, over 2.7 lakh loans have been sanctioned under the scheme, with more than 83% being granted to women. This has provided substantial financial backing for women to start new ventures.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Feminization of Poverty Challenges<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite several reforms, gendered poverty remains a persistent challenge due to social, economic, and institutional barriers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Major Challenges:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gender Pay Disparity-<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Wage inequality continues across formal and informal sectors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Unrecognized Unpaid Labor-<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Household work remains outside economic accounting.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Access to Resources- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women still face restrictions in land, credit, and inheritance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Education and Skill Gaps- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lower access to vocational and digital training limits employability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weak Implementation- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Welfare schemes often fail due to poor monitoring and targeting.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>Way Forward:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gender-Responsive Budgeting-<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Integrate gender priorities into public expenditure frameworks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Skill Development Programs- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Encourage women\u2019s participation in STEM and digital industries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Inclusive Financial Systems-<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Expand credit access through microfinance and SHG networks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Awareness and Legal Literacy- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strengthen women\u2019s understanding of property, labor, and social rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Data-Based Policy Design-<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Collect gender-disaggregated data to shape effective interventions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><b>Feminization of Poverty Constitutional Provisions<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s constitutional and legal framework provides strong protection for women\u2019s social and economic rights, which are essential in addressing gendered poverty.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 87.7501%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 99.0888%;\" colspan=\"3\"><b>Feminization of Poverty Constitutional Provisions<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 16.7426%;\"><b>Article<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 33.4852%;\"><b>Provision<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 48.861%;\"><b>Relevance to Poverty Feminization<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.7426%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 14<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4852%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equality before law<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.861%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensures equal legal protection for women<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.7426%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 15(3)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4852%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Special provisions for women and children<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.861%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allows gender-based affirmative action<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.7426%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 16<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4852%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equal opportunity in employment<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.861%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prevents workplace discrimination<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.7426%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 39(a), (d)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4852%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Equal pay for equal work<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.861%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Directs state to promote gender equality in wages<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.7426%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 42<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4852%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Just and humane working conditions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.861%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protects maternity and labor rights of women<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.7426%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 46<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.4852%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promotion of weaker sections<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.861%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supports educational and economic interests of women.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Feminization of Poverty Case Laws<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These constitutional safeguards and judgments form the legal foundation to address poverty feminization through equality, protection, and empowerment. These case laws indirectly promote a pathway for eradication of Feminization of Poverty<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Air India vs Nergesh Meerza (1981)- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Supreme Court held that unequal retirement rules for women violated Article 14.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>C.B. Muthamma vs Union of India (1979)-<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Court recognized gender discrimination in civil services and called for equal opportunity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Vishaka vs State of Rajasthan (1997)-<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Established guidelines for protection against workplace sexual harassment, ensuring women\u2019s safe participation in the workforce.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Charu Khurana vs Union of India (2015)- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Court upheld women\u2019s right to equality in professional guilds and associations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Joseph Shine vs Union of India (2018)- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Struck down Section 497 IPC, reinforcing gender equality as a fundamental right.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><b>Feminization of Poverty Global Context<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Women press release states that 1 in every 10 women lives in extreme poverty. according to the UN (2024). Women in developing countries face double disadvantages- gender discrimination, economic deprivation, unequal distribution of unpaid care work, restrictive social norms, limited access to education, healthcare, finance, and land ownership, as highlighted by UN Women and the World Bank. A UN Women press release from March 2024 offers slightly more recent figures, stating that among people of prime working age, only 61% of women are in the labor force versus 90% of men.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Feminization of Poverty UPSC<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In India, the situation mirrors these disparities. The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2022-23 reported female labor force participation at 37%, much lower than men\u2019s 78.5%. The Global Gender Gap Report 2024 (World Economic Forum) ranked India 129th out of 146 countries, emphasizing the persistence of wage inequality and poor access to resources.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Feminization of poverty explores causes, impacts, government policies, legal protections, and measures addressing women\u2019s economic and social empowerment globally.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":68978,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[3251],"class_list":{"0":"post-68974","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-feminization-of-poverty","9":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68974","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=68974"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/68974\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/68978"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=68974"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=68974"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=68974"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}