{"id":72553,"date":"2025-11-08T17:55:06","date_gmt":"2025-11-08T12:25:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=72553"},"modified":"2025-11-08T17:55:06","modified_gmt":"2025-11-08T12:25:06","slug":"satyashodhak-samaj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/satyashodhak-samaj\/","title":{"rendered":"Satyashodhak Samaj, Motto, Founder, Reform, Impact"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satyashodhak Samaj or \u201cSociety of Truth Seekers\u201d was founded by Jyotirao Phule on 24 September 1873 in Pune, Maharashtra. It was a powerful socio-religious reform movement that aimed to challenge the Brahmanical dominance and caste-based inequalities in 19th-century India. The movement emphasized education, equality, and social justice for marginalized communities, particularly the Shudras and Ati-Shudras (Dalits). It marked a turning point in India\u2019s social reform history by empowering the oppressed to seek knowledge and self-respect, paving the way for later reform movements including the Ambedkarite and Dalit movements.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satyashodhak Samaj was more than a reform organization, it was a social awakening movement aimed at reconstructing Indian society on the foundations of equality, liberty, and justice. It rejected the notion of divine superiority attached to caste and sought to establish a moral order based on human dignity and rational ethics.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj Motto<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The motto of the Satyashodhak Samaj was <\/span><b><i>&#8220;Sarvasakshi Jagatpati, tyala nako madyashtee&#8221;<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which means &#8220;The Lord of the universe is the sole witness, so no intermediary is needed&#8221;. This slogan reflected the Samaj&#8217;s goal of challenging the role of priests and intermediaries, particularly Brahmins, in religious and social life. The Samaj replaced religious dogma with social service and moral conduct as the true essence of spirituality. It also encouraged people to question blind faith, superstition, and hereditary privilege, marking an early form of social humanism in colonial India.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj Historical Background<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satyashodhak Samaj emerged in 19th-century Maharashtra during the social awakening against caste oppression and Brahminical dominance. It marked a key step in India\u2019s anti-caste reform movements.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>19th-Century Social Context (Pre-1870s)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India under British rule witnessed growing awareness of social inequality, education, and Western liberal thought.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Caste discrimination and religious orthodoxy marginalized lower castes, particularly the Shudras and Ati-Shudras.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Influence of Jyotirao Phule\u2019s Early Experiences (1848-1872)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/jyotiba-phule\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Jyotirao Phule<\/strong><\/a> (1827-1890), a Mali caste reformer from Pune, was denied entry to a Brahmin friend\u2019s wedding, which shaped his anti-caste stance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1848, he and his wife Savitribai opened India\u2019s first school for girls in Pune.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Rise of Non-Brahmin Consciousness (Early 1870s)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Phule began writing and campaigning against Brahminical dominance through his work Gulamgiri (Slavery) published in 1873, comparing caste oppression to slavery.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Establishment of Satyashodhak Samaj (1873)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On 24 September 1873, Phule formally founded the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Truth-Seekers) in Pune.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The aim was to promote education, rational thought, and equality among all sections of society.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Objectives and Ideology (1873-1880s)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Samaj rejected priestly rituals and promoted social reforms like widow remarriage and inter-caste marriages.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It emphasized truth-seeking, rationalism, and a direct relationship with God without priestly mediation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Publications and Awareness (Late 1870s-1880s)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The organization used publications such as Deenbandhu newspaper to spread its message among marginalized communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public debates and meetings were organized to challenge Brahminical supremacy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Expansion After Phule (1890-1920)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After Jyotirao\u2019s death in 1890, leaders like Narayan Meghaji Lokhande and Shahu Ji Maharaj continued the reformist movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Link to Non-Brahmin and Dalit Movements (1920-1940)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Samaj influenced later movements like the Non-Brahmin Movement and <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dr-br-ambedkar\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Dr. B.R. Ambedkar<\/strong><\/a>\u2019s campaigns for social justice.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Integration into Broader Reform Movements (Post-Independence)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many ideas of Satyashodhak Samaj were absorbed into post-Independence social justice policies and movements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Modern Legacy and Academic Recognition (21st Century)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Samaj is now recognized as a pioneering social reform movement that laid the groundwork for modern equality and social justice initiatives.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj Objectives<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satyashodhak Samaj had clear socio-political and religious goals aimed at dismantling social hierarchies. Its key objectives included:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Abolition of Caste Discrimination:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To end the dominance of upper castes and promote equality among all social groups.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Promotion of Rationalism:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To challenge religious orthodoxy and priestly exploitation through critical thinking.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Education for All:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To provide access to education for women, Shudras, and Ati-Shudras.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Women\u2019s Upliftment: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To promote widow remarriage, oppose child marriage, and end gender-based exploitation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Religious Reform:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> To redefine religion based on moral and social equality rather than rituals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic Equality: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To fight bonded labor, promote fair wages, and improve social mobility.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj Leaders<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satyashodhak Samaj, though founded by Jyotirao Phule, was supported by several reform-minded individuals who strengthened the movement\u2019s reach.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/savitribai-phule\/\" target=\"_blank\">Savitribai Phule<\/a>:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The first female teacher of India, she worked tirelessly for women\u2019s education and established several schools for girls and untouchables.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gyanoba Sasane: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A close associate of Phule and co-founder of the movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Keshav Wasudev Kasbe, Narayan Meghe, and Dinkarrao Jawalkar:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Prominent followers who helped spread the movement across Western India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ragho Bharose, Tukaram Tatya Padwal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Actively promoted education and anti-caste reform in rural regions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Samaj encouraged non-Brahman intellectuals and peasants to participate actively.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The open membership policy allowed individuals from any caste or religion to join, symbolizing inclusivity and collective resistance against social oppression.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj Reforms<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satyashodhak Samaj was not limited to ideological preaching, it was a dynamic movement that initiated ground-level change.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Educational Reforms:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Between 1848 and 1852, Phule and Savitribai opened several schools for girls, Dalits, and Shudras in Pune.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Social Equality:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Members conducted inter-caste dining and marriages without the involvement of Brahmin priests, promoting social mixing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Religious Reform: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Samaj rejected idol worship, ritualism, and the concept of Brahmanical supremacy. Phule emphasized a \u201cUniversal God\u201d who was impartial to all.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Public Awareness Campaigns:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Through publications like <\/span><b>\u201cGulamgiri\u201d (1873) and \u201cShetkaryacha Asud\u201d (1881)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Phule criticized social exploitation and British economic policies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic Empowerment:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Advocated land rights for peasants and fair treatment for agricultural laborers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Samaj organized regular meetings where members recited the Satyashodhak Prayer, affirming faith in equality and rejecting caste hierarchy. These activities reshaped the social consciousness of the non-Brahman population in Maharashtra.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj Impact<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The impact of the Satyashodhak Samaj was both immediate and far-reaching.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Social Impact: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The movement awakened self-respect among lower-caste communities. By rejecting Brahmanical rituals, it offered a new social identity based on equality and dignity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Religious Impact:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Samaj introduced rationalism in religion. It replaced ritual-based faith with moral ethics and community service, paving the way for later secular reform movements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Educational Impact: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It marked the beginning of mass education in Maharashtra. The Phules\u2019 schools educated hundreds of marginalized students, with women making up a significant portion of the learners.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Samaj also encouraged widow remarriage and women\u2019s participation in public life.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its model of social reform inspired future leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, and Shahu Maharaj to continue the mission of equality and social justice.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj Jyotirao Phule<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jyotirao Phule was the ideological and organizational leader of the Satyashodhak Samaj. His philosophy was rooted in equality and human dignity. Through works like \u201cGulamgiri\u201d and \u201cShetkaryacha Asud\u201d, he exposed caste-based exploitation and demanded reform in both social and economic spheres.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj Savitribai Phule<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Savitribai Phule, as India\u2019s first female teacher, played a crucial role in implementing the educational objectives of the Samaj. She managed several schools and trained other women teachers, defying patriarchal norms. Her poems and writings encouraged women to break social barriers and seek education.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Together, the Phules formed a partnership of activism and reform, Jyotirao as the visionary and Savitribai as the executor. Their combined efforts ensured that the Samaj not only attacked caste hierarchy but also challenged gender inequality, making them pioneers of India\u2019s intersectional social justice movement.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj Revival<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After Jyotirao Phule\u2019s death in 1890, the movement faced temporary decline. However, it witnessed a powerful revival under <\/span><b>Chhatrapati Rajarshi Shahu Ji Maharaj of Kolhapur (1874-1922)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A strong believer in social equality, Shahu Ji Maharaj institutionalized the Satyashodhak ideology into governance. <\/span><b><i>He implemented reservations for non-Brahmans in government jobs and education, becoming the first Indian ruler to do so (1902).<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> His policies reflected the Samaj\u2019s principles, equal access to education, temple entry rights, and abolition of untouchability. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under his leadership, the Satyashodhak Samaj transformed into a political platform, forming the foundation of the Non-Brahman Movement in Maharashtra.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He supported publications like \u201cBahishkrit Bharat\u201d and invited thinkers like Dr. Ambedkar to strengthen social equality. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shahu Ji Maharaj\u2019s efforts ensured the continuity of the Satyashodhak legacy, transforming it from a regional social movement into a broader political and constitutional reform mission.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj Relation with Other Reform Movements<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satyashodhak Samaj shared common ground with several contemporary reform movements but retained a distinct anti-caste focus.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/brahmo-samaj\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Brahmo Samaj <\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/arya-samaj\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Arya Samaj<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it was not led by upper-caste elites but by socially oppressed groups.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It inspired <\/span><b>Dr. Ambedkar\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/dalit-movements-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">Dalit Movement<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Periyar\u2019s Self-Respect Movement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in South India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It influenced the <\/span><b>Justice Party (1916)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>the Non-Brahman Federation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which later contributed to reservations and social justice policies in independent India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Satyashodhak Samaj thus acted as a bridge between social reform and political mobilization, translating the idea of social equality into political demand, a critical milestone in India\u2019s democratic evolution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj Challenges<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite constitutional safeguards, caste discrimination persists in various forms- social exclusion, manual scavenging, and caste violence. Revisiting Phule\u2019s ideals can strengthen India\u2019s ongoing efforts toward inclusive growth and social equality, ensuring the original spirit of the Satyashodhak Samaj remains alive. The key challenges include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Institutional Discrimination:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bias in education and employment. <\/span><strong><i>Way Forward:<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Strict enforcement of reservation and anti-discrimination laws.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic Inequality: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limited access to capital for marginalized groups.<\/span><strong><i> Way Forward:<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Strengthen credit and entrepreneurship schemes for Dalits.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Educational Gaps: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dropout rates among Dalits remain high.<\/span><strong><i> Way Forward:<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Expand scholarships and community schools.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cultural Prejudice: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social attitudes still hinder inter-caste harmony.<\/span><strong><i> Way Forward:<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Promote awareness through education and media.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Political Co-option:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Movements risk being diluted. <\/span><strong><i>Way Forward:<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Reinvigorate grassroots leadership and youth participation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><b>Satyashodhak Samaj UPSC<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The legacy of the Satyashodhak Samaj remains deeply embedded in India\u2019s social and political fabric. The ideals of education, equality, and rationalism continue to influence public policy, particularly in social justice and reservation systems. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Modern movements advocating Dalit rights, women\u2019s empowerment, and educational reform draw inspiration from Phule\u2019s ideas. Institutions like the Maharashtra State Backward Class Commission and government programs for Scheduled Castes reflect his principles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Indian Constitution<\/strong><\/a> (1950) echoes the Samaj\u2019s spirit through Articles 14-17, which ensure equality, non-discrimination, and abolition of untouchability. Moreover, the National Education Policy\u2019s emphasis on inclusivity and gender equality aligns with the Phules\u2019 vision. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In today\u2019s India, where caste-based discrimination still exists in subtle forms, the message of the Satyashodhak Samaj, to seek truth, equality, and justice, remains a guiding light for achieving true social harmony.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Satyashodhak Samaj (1873) founded by Jyotirao Phule promoted equality, education, and anti-caste reform, inspiring later Dalit and social justice movements in India.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":72267,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[3611],"class_list":{"0":"post-72553","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-satyashodhak-samaj","9":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72553","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=72553"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/72553\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/72267"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=72553"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=72553"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=72553"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}