{"id":74655,"date":"2025-11-23T11:10:36","date_gmt":"2025-11-23T05:40:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=74655"},"modified":"2025-11-24T12:11:22","modified_gmt":"2025-11-24T06:41:22","slug":"2025-g-20-leaders-summit-johannesburg-declaration-affirms-multilateralism-and-global-south-priorities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/2025-g-20-leaders-summit-johannesburg-declaration-affirms-multilateralism-and-global-south-priorities\/","title":{"rendered":"2025 G-20 Leaders\u2019 Summit &#8211; Johannesburg Declaration Affirms Multilateralism and Global South Priorities"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>2025 G20 Leader\u2019s Summit Latest News<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the 2025 G-20 Leaders\u2019 Summit in Johannesburg, the host South Africa achieved the adoption of the G-20 Leaders\u2019 Declaration by consensus\u2014despite the U.S. boycott and attempts to block the text.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was the <\/span><b>first G-20 Summit held in Africa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, marking an important moment for the Global South, African development, and the evolving global governance architecture.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Adoption of the Declaration<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Unusual early adoption:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Declaration was adopted at the start of the Summit, not at the end\u2014an unprecedented step.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Negotiated and finalised by Sherpas, enabling early clearance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>South Africa\u2019s stand:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Declared the adoption an \u201c<\/span><b>affirmation of multilateralism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Asserted that the G20 cannot be paralysed due to the absence of any single country, including the U.S.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>US opposition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The U.S. did not participate and <\/span><b>attempted to block <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Declaration. Boycott due to deteriorating Washington\u2013Pretoria ties.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Key Themes and Priorities in the G-20 Declaration<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Multilateralism and global cooperation:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reiterated commitment to the UN Charter, international law and peaceful settlement of disputes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emphasised the African philosophy <\/span><b>Ubuntu<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: \u201cI am because we are.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weak position on conflicts:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimal references to Russia\u2013Ukraine war, Gaza conflict, Middle East tensions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Single-line condemnation of <\/span><b>terrorism <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; \u201cTerrorism in all its forms and manifestations.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Still included a key line &#8211; states must refrain from use of force for territorial acquisition.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Global South issues:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strong emphasis on debt sustainability, <\/span><b>development financing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, inequality, African priorities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India ensured Global South concerns, a continuation of India\u2019s 2023 G20 presidency.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>UN Security Council (UNSC) reform: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Called for \u201ctransformative reform\u201d of UNSC. Sought <\/span><b>increased representation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for Africa, Asia-Pacific, Latin America &amp; Caribbean.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Women-led development<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Reaffirmed commitment to empowerment of women and girls, removing socio-economic barriers, promoting women-led development, and recognising women as <\/span><b>agents of peace.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>South Africa\u2019s Bilateral Balancing with the US<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Balanced diplomacy: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acknowledged the economic importance of the U.S. &#8211; U.S. is South Africa\u2019s second largest trading partner. Rejected U.S. claims of \u201cgenocide of white farmers\u201d as baseless.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Debt sustainability push: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Highlighted issue of <\/span><b>risk-parity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; countries with same risk but higher interest rates.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>India\u2019s Priorities and Contributions<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reconsidering global parameters of growth:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian PM argued current economic models have left many deprived of resources and caused over-exploitation of nature.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He stressed the need to <\/span><b>rethink development<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially as Africa remains most affected.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u201cIntegral Humanism\u201d:\u00a0<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian PM promoted Deen Dayal Upadhyay\u2019s Integral Humanism &#8211; holistic development of individuals and society through the integration of material and spiritual well-being.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It will provide an alternative to Western ideologies such as individualism, secularism, communism.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Key initiatives proposed by India:<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Global traditional knowledge repository: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For sustainable, culturally rooted, eco-balanced lifestyles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>G20\u2013Africa Skills Multiplier initiative:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> India to train 1 million Africans in skill sectors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">G20 Global Healthcare Response Team.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>G20 Initiative on Countering the Drug\u2013Terror nexus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Highlighted fentanyl, drug trafficking, and terror financing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>G20 Open Satellite Data Partnership<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Sharing agriculture, fishing, disaster data.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Critical Minerals Circularity Initiative<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Recycling, sustainable mining, strategic minerals.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>India\u2019s diplomatic engagements: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ACITI Partnership (Australia\u2013Canada\u2013India) launched for technology and innovation, AI, clean energy, supply chain resilience.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Broader Geopolitical Backdrop<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rising geopolitical fragmentation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Declaration notes trade wars (US tariff wars under Trump), geoeconomic competition, conflicts, inequalities, uncertainty in global economy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Absence of U.S.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: First-ever G20 Summit boycotted by the U.S. Raises questions on global leadership transitions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Challenges Ahead<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weak consensus on global conflicts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Almost no mention of Ukraine, Gaza. Makes it one of the weakest declarations in G20 history.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Debt sustainability for developing nations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: High interest rates for the same risk profile.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Geopolitical fragmentation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">US\u2013South Africa tensions, rise of competing blocs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Inequality and resource deprivation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Current growth models unsustainable.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Climate change<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: G20 responsible for the majority of emissions\u2014yet slow collective action.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Way Forward<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Strengthen multilateral institutions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Reform UNSC, empower Global South.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Sustainable development framework<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Integrate traditional knowledge, eco-balanced growth, and integral humanism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Gender-inclusive development:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Remove socio-economic barriers, promote women-led governance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Digital cooperation and technology partnerships:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Example, ACITI partnership, Satellite data sharing, etc.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Counter Drug\u2013Terror nexus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Multilateral intelligence-sharing; regulation of fentanyl, synthetic opioids.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Climate action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Promote critical mineral recycling, clean energy supply chains.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 2025 Johannesburg G20 Declaration marks <\/span><b>a pivotal moment in global governance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with Africa asserting leadership, the Global South shaping priorities, and the G20 adopting consensus despite U.S. boycott.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the declaration is symbolically strong on multilateralism, it is weak on major global conflicts and hard security issues.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>India played a crucial role<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in embedding developmental, gender, and sustainability priorities and propelled new initiatives aligned with integral humanism and South\u2013South cooperation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Source:<\/b> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/africa-g20-meet-us-boycott-india-pm-modi-updates-november-22\/article70310882.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">TH |<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/india\/g20-declaration-barely-mentions-ukraine-terrorism-skips-gaza-plan-10380936\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">IE |<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/pm-modi-proposes-three-initiatives-at-g20-including-one-to-counter-drug-terror-nexus\/article70311148.ece\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">TH<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At the 2025 G-20 Leaders\u2019 Summit in Johannesburg, the host South Africa achieved the adoption of the G-20 Leaders\u2019 Declaration by consensus.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":74774,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[3839,60,22,59],"class_list":{"0":"post-74655","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-mains-current-affairs","8":"tag-2025-g-20-leaders-summit","9":"tag-mains-articles","10":"tag-upsc-current-affairs","11":"tag-upsc-mains-current-affairs","12":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74655","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74655"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/74655\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/74774"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74655"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=74655"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=74655"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}