{"id":77204,"date":"2025-12-09T18:07:38","date_gmt":"2025-12-09T12:37:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=77204"},"modified":"2025-12-09T18:07:38","modified_gmt":"2025-12-09T12:37:38","slug":"code-of-criminal-procedure-crpc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/code-of-criminal-procedure-crpc\/","title":{"rendered":"Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), Background, Features, Provisions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, is the main law that explains how criminal cases should be handled in India. It tells the police, courts, and citizens what steps must be followed during investigation, arrest, bail, trial, and punishment. CrPC ensures that every person gets a fair process and justice is delivered in a systematic way. It is one of the most important laws that supports the entire criminal justice system.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) Historical Background<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The origins of criminal procedure in India go back to the <\/span><b>British era<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, when the first Criminal Procedure Code was introduced in <\/span><b>1861<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> after the 1857 revolt.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was replaced by the <\/span><b>Criminal Procedure Code of 1872<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which brought more uniformity to criminal trials across British India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later, the <\/span><b>Criminal Procedure Code of 1882<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was introduced to address administrative issues and improve coordination between police and courts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Criminal Procedure Code of 1898<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> became the most stable and widely used law, governing criminal procedures for several decades.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This led to the drafting of a new law, and finally, the <\/span><b>Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), 1973<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was enacted, replacing the 1898 Code.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The CrPC of 1973 came into force on <\/span><b>1 April 1974<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, standardizing arrest, investigation, trial, and appeal procedures across India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eventually, to modernize the system further, the <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-2023\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita<\/a> (BNSS), 2023<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was introduced to replace CrPC.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) Objectives<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To ensure fair, transparent, and speedy justice by providing a uniform procedure for handling criminal cases across the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To protect the rights of individuals, including both the accused and the victims, during investigation and trial.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To guide police, magistrates, and courts with clear rules for arrest, investigation, inquiry, bail, and trial.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To maintain public order and peace through defined powers for preventive actions and emergency measures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To promote accountability and prevent misuse of power by setting legal safeguards and procedural checks at every stage of the criminal justice process.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) Features<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Clear Classification of Offences:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> CrPC categorizes offences as cognizable\/non-cognizable and bailable\/non-bailable to decide how police and courts should act.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Detailed Procedure for Investigation and Trial:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It lays down rules for FIR, arrest, evidence collection, charge framing, and different types of trials.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rights of the Accused and Victims:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ensures fair treatment by providing rights like legal aid, protection from unlawful arrest, and victim compensation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Defined Powers of Police and Magistrates:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Specifies the roles, duties, and limits on authority to prevent misuse of power.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Appeals, Revisions, and Reviews:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Offers a structured system for higher courts to correct errors and ensure justice through appellate mechanisms.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Types of Offences<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) categorises offences to decide which authority handles them and what procedures must be followed. This classification helps ensure that serious crimes are treated differently from minor ones.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>1. Cognizable and Non-Cognizable Offences<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cognizable:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Police can arrest without a warrant; includes serious crimes like murder and rape.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Non-Cognizable:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Police need a warrant; it includes minor offences like defamation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>2. Bailable and Non-Bailable Offences<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Bailable:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bail is a right and must be granted.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Non-Bailable:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bail depends on the court\u2019s approval.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>3. Compoundable and Non-Compoundable Offences<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Compoundable:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Parties can settle or compromise.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Non-Compoundable:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> No compromise allowed due to the serious nature.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) Provisions<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CrPC contains several important sections that govern how criminal cases progress. These provisions ensure fairness and prevent misuse of legal power. They include rules for lodging an FIR, conducting search and seizure, granting bail, and maintaining public order.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 95.1897%; height: 1115px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 94.2885%; height: 25px;\" colspan=\"3\"><b>Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) Provisions<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 22.3932%; height: 25px;\"><b>Category<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 14.6556%; height: 25px;\"><b>Section(s)<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 57.2397%; height: 25px;\"><b>Key Provisions<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrest &amp; Custody<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections 41-60A<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Police powers to arrest, rights of the arrested person, production before magistrate within 24 hours.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FIR &amp; Investigation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section 154<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FIR registration for cognizable offences; police must start investigation after FIR.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Search &amp; Seizure<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections 93-105<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Procedures for issuing warrants, conducting searches, and seizing evidence legally.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bail Provisions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections 436-439<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rules for granting bail in bailable and non-bailable offences; court&#8217;s power to impose conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anticipatory Bail<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section 438<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Allows a person to seek bail in advance if they fear arrest in a non-bailable offence.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Classification of Trials<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections 225-265<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defines different types of trials: Sessions Trial, Warrant Trial, Summons Trial, and Summary Trial.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintenance of Public Order<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections 144-145<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Authority to restrict activities for public safety; deals with disputes likely to cause violence.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 51px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Victim Compensation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section 357<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Court may order compensation to victims of crime for loss or injury.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Role of Magistrates<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections 6-40<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defines the powers, functions, and hierarchy of magistrates in criminal matters.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Charge Framing<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections 211-224<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rules for framing charges against the accused, amendments to charges, and communication of charges.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 51px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recording Evidence<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections 275-299<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Procedures for recording witness statements and preserving evidence.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Judgment<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections 353-371<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rules for delivering judgment, sentencing, and explaining decisions to the accused.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 51px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Appeals &amp; Revisions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections 372-405<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 51px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provisions for filing appeals, revisions, and reviews before superior courts.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintenance Orders<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section 125<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provides monthly maintenance to wife, children, and parents who cannot support themselves.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 76px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.3932%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cognizable &amp; Non-Cognizable Offences<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.6556%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First Schedule<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 57.2397%; height: 76px;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lists offences and clarifies which are cognizable, non-cognizable, bailable, or non-bailable.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) Limitations<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Delay in Investigation and Trials:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Many cases take years to complete due to slow procedures, lack of staff, and heavy workload on the police and courts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Outdated Mechanisms:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Several provisions of the CrPC do not match modern digital and forensic needs, making investigations less effective.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Misuse of Arrest Powers:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Police sometimes misuse discretionary powers, leading to unnecessary or arbitrary arrests.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weak Witness Protection:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Witnesses often face threats or pressure, making them turn hostile and affecting the final judgment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>High Case Pendency:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Courts are overloaded with lakhs of pending cases, leading to delays in justice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Low Conviction Rates:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Poor investigation quality, lack of coordination, and weak evidence collection lead to fewer convictions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Limited Victim Support:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Victim rights, compensation, and protection are not strong enough in many cases.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Inadequate Use of Technology:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Lack of digital tools and slow adoption of modern systems affect efficiency.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) vs Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The CrPC, 1973 was India\u2019s main criminal procedure law for several decades, but it gradually became outdated due to slow processes, limited use of technology, and weak victim protection. To modernize the system, the government introduced the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, which focuses on digital procedures, forensic support, faster trials, and transparency.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 92.4845%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 20.6507%;\"><b>Feature<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 23.5471%;\"><b>CrPC, 1973<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 47.3156%;\"><b>BNSS, 2023<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total Sections<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">484 sections<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">531 sections<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall Focus<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traditional and procedure-based<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digital, technology-driven, and victim-centric<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FIR System<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No mention of Zero FIR<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zero FIR explicitly recognized; e-FIR allowed in many cases<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digital Integration<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limited online procedures<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E-records, digital case diaries, audio-video recording made compulsory<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forensic Support<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimal use of forensics<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mandatory forensic investigation for offences punishable with 7+ years<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Timeline for Investigation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No strict timelines<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Time-bound investigation for serious offences; progress report required<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrest Procedures<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conventional arrest rules<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Added transparency using digital tracking, videography, and documentation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trial Procedures<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physical court trials<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Online, virtual hearings, and electronic evidence strongly supported<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Victim Rights<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Less emphasis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More victim-friendly: information rights, protection, compensation clarity<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bail Mechanism<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traditional rules<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simplified and structured bail provisions; safeguards against misuse<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public Order Sections<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sections like 144, 145 retained<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similar provisions but with clearer procedures and digital evidence support<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Charge Sheet Submission<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mostly physical<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electronic charge sheet submission promoted<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Search &amp; Seizure<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traditional manual procedures<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mandatory audio-video recording for searches and raids<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintenance Provisions<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section 125 included<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Retained with clearer rules for dependents<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.6507%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Focus on Police Accountability<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.5471%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basic safeguards<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3156%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strong monitoring through digital logs and mandatory documentation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Code of Criminal Procedure explains India\u2019s criminal process, covering FIR, arrest, bail, trials, rights, magistrate powers, and key provisions ensuring fair justice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":76766,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[4116],"class_list":{"0":"post-77204","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-code-of-criminal-procedure","9":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77204","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=77204"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77204\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/76766"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77204"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=77204"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=77204"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}