{"id":77597,"date":"2025-12-12T17:36:58","date_gmt":"2025-12-12T12:06:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=77597"},"modified":"2025-12-12T17:36:58","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T12:06:58","slug":"disaster-management-act-2005","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/disaster-management-act-2005\/","title":{"rendered":"Disaster Management Act 2005, Background, Objectives, Key Provisions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Disaster Management Act, 2005 (DM Act)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was enacted by the Government of India to provide a legal framework for the <\/span><b>efficient management of disasters<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including natural and man-made calamities. Although passed in 2005, the Act <\/span><b>came into force in January 2006<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It marks a significant step in transforming India\u2019s approach from <\/span><b>reactive disaster response<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to <\/span><b>proactive disaster management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Definition of \u201cDisaster\u201d<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Section 2(d) of the Disaster Management Act, 2005 defines a disaster as:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>\u201cA catastrophe, mishap, calamity, or grave occurrence in any area, arising from natural or man-made causes.\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This broad definition includes floods, earthquakes, industrial accidents, epidemics, and other serious events that threaten human life and property.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Disaster Management Act, 2005 Background<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013 The devastating tsunami on 26th December 2004 affected the coasts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and other parts of India, killing over 10,000 people and causing widespread destruction. This disaster highlighted the lack of a coordinated disaster management framework in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Need for Legal Framework <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013 The tsunami exposed gaps in disaster preparedness, early warning systems, and response mechanisms, prompting the government to formulate a comprehensive law for disaster management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Enactment of the Act <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013 In response, the Disaster Management Act was passed in 2005, providing a legal and institutional structure for disaster preparedness, mitigation, and relief.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Shift from Relief to Preparedness <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013 Prior to the Act, India\u2019s approach was largely reactive, focusing on relief and rehabilitation. The Act introduced a proactive approach, emphasizing prevention, mitigation, capacity-building, and risk assessment.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Disaster Management Act, 2005 Objectives<\/b><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Efficient Disaster Management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 To ensure effective management of disasters, including natural and man-made calamities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mitigation Strategies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 To prepare and implement strategies to <\/span><b>reduce the impact of disasters<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Capacity Building<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 To set up authorities at national, state, and district levels, such as the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs), and District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Preparedness and Response<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 To establish a framework for <\/span><b>timely and coordinated disaster response<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Risk Assessment and Planning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 To identify disaster-prone areas and <\/span><b>formulate plans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Research and Training<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 To promote <\/span><b>research, awareness, and training programs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for improving disaster management capabilities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Coordination Among Agencies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 To ensure <\/span><b>cooperation and coordination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between government bodies, NGOs, and civil society during disasters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Financial Preparedness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 To provide <\/span><b>funding mechanisms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like the National Disaster Response Fund for emergency response and rehabilitation.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><b>Provisions of Disaster Management Act, 2005\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Disaster Management Act, 2005<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provides a detailed legal and institutional framework for <\/span><b>disaster preparedness, mitigation, and response<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India. Key sections of the Act focus on national, state, and district-level authorities, their functions, and specialized bodies like the <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/national-disaster-response-force\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Disaster Response Force<\/a> (NDRF)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>1. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Relevant Sections:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Section 6<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Empowers NDMA to <\/span><b>formulate national disaster management plans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and ensure state agencies implement them.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Section 10<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Authorizes the <\/span><b>National Executive Committee (NEC)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to direct government actions during disasters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Section 33<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Allows <\/span><b>District Authorities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to direct local officers or departments to take necessary measures to prevent or reduce disaster impact.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Composition of NDMA:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Headed by the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/prime-minister\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Prime Minister of India<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can have up to <\/span><b>9 members<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including a <\/span><b>Vice-Chairperson<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> designated by the Chairperson.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members have a <\/span><b>term of 5 years<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Authority meets as needed and can form <\/span><b>advisory committees<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of experts.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Functions and Duties of NDMA:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formulate <\/span><b>disaster management policies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Approve the <\/span><b>National Plan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and plans from other central ministries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Set standards for <\/span><b>state agencies and departments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coordinate <\/span><b>implementation of disaster management plans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recommend <\/span><b>financial resources<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for mitigation measures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assist <\/span><b>other nations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during disasters, if needed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promote <\/span><b>preparedness, mitigation, prevention, and capacity building<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Establish operational rules for the <\/span><b>National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><b>2. National Executive Committee (NEC)<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Relevant Sections:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Section 8<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Constitutes the NEC to assist NDMA in its functions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Section 10<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Outlines the NEC\u2019s powers and responsibilities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Composition of NEC:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chairperson: <\/span><b>Secretary of the Ministry\/Department handling disaster management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members include:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chief of Integrated Defence Staff of the Chiefs of Staff Committee.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secretaries of relevant central ministries and departments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other central and state government officials as necessary.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Functions and Duties of NEC:<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Coordinate and monitor disaster management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> across the country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepare the <\/span><b>National Disaster Management Plan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for NDMA approval.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monitor implementation of the <\/span><b>National Policy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lay down <\/span><b>guidelines for state and central ministries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to prepare disaster plans.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promote <\/span><b>public awareness and education<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on disaster management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advise, assist, and coordinate <\/span><b>NGOs and other authorities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> involved in disaster management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide <\/span><b>technical support to states<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for disaster preparedness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assess the <\/span><b>readiness of government machinery<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at all levels.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Organize <\/span><b>specialized training programs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in disaster management.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Request personnel and resources from the government during emergencies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Form <\/span><b>sub-committees<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to effectively discharge its duties.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><b>3. State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Relevant Sections:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Section 14<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Requires each state to establish a SDMA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Section 22<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 State Executive Committee is responsible for preparing the <\/span><b>State Disaster Management Plan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and implementing the National Plan.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Composition:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ex-officio Chairperson: <\/span><b>Chief Minister (states)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><b>Lieutenant Governor (UTs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members: Maximum of 8 nominated by the Chairperson.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vice-Chairperson: One nominee of the Chairperson.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chief Executive Officer (CEO): Also chairs the <\/span><b>State Executive Committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Functions and Duties of SDMA (Section 18):<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formulate the <\/span><b>state\u2019s disaster management strategy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Approve the <\/span><b>state plan and departmental plans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Set rules for <\/span><b>state departments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> regarding disaster preparedness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coordinate <\/span><b>implementation of disaster management plans<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advise on <\/span><b>fund allocation for mitigation measures<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Review departmental preparedness and provide directives for <\/span><b>capacity building and mitigation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><b>4. District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA)<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><b>Relevant Section:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Section 25<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Provides for the establishment of DDMA in each district.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Composition:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ex-officio Chairperson: <\/span><b>District Collector, Magistrate, or Deputy Commissioner<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Co-Chairperson: <\/span><b>Elected representative of local authority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Members:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chief Executive Officer of the District Authority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Police Superintendent.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chief Medical Officer of the district.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Up to 2 additional officers nominated by the state government.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>5. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Section 44<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Establishes the <\/span><b>NDRF<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for effective disaster response.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NDRF is composed of <\/span><b>trained professional units<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for specialized disaster response.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Operates under the <\/span><b>control and direction of NDMA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Command and supervision rest with the <\/span><b>Director General of NDRF<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, appointed by the Central Government.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Challenges Towards Disaster Management Act 2005<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Act lacks provisions for declaring <\/span><b>disaster-prone zones<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making proactive planning and resource allocation difficult.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It focuses mainly on sudden disasters, ignoring <\/span><b>gradual or progressive disasters<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like dengue and tuberculosis that cause significant annual deaths.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multiple national bodies like NDMA, NEC, NIDM, and NDRF have <\/span><b>overlapping functions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, creating coordination challenges.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Procedural delays<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in decision-making and implementation reduce the effectiveness of disaster response, as seen in events like the 2019 Bihar floods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has <\/span><b>limited technological capacity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for early warning and accurate prediction, increasing the impact of disasters, especially in rural areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Financial, resource, and awareness gaps<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> exist, with funds sometimes delayed and public knowledge of disaster preparedness remaining low (only 30\u201335% of rural populations aware, according to NDMA 2022).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Way Forward<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Strengthen local authorities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as first responders by providing training, resources, and clear operational roles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Integrate technology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for early warning systems, accurate disaster prediction, and real-time monitoring.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Increase public awareness<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through education campaigns and community-level disaster preparedness programs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Enhance coordination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> between national, state, and district authorities, NGOs, and private sectors for faster response.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ensure timely funding<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and resource allocation through NDRF and SDRF to improve disaster mitigation and relief.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Include progressive and climate-related disasters<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in planning to address emerging risks like epidemics, heatwaves, and cyclones.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Disaster Management Act 2005 explains India\u2019s framework for disaster preparedness, mitigation, response, NDMA roles, key provisions, challenges and way forward.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":77610,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[4177],"class_list":{"0":"post-77597","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-disaster-management-act-2005","9":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77597","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=77597"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77597\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/77610"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77597"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=77597"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=77597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}