{"id":79594,"date":"2025-12-25T20:07:52","date_gmt":"2025-12-25T14:37:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=79594"},"modified":"2025-12-25T20:07:52","modified_gmt":"2025-12-25T14:37:52","slug":"environmental-conventions-and-protocols-objectives-timelines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/environmental-conventions-and-protocols-objectives-timelines\/","title":{"rendered":"Environmental Conventions and Protocols, Objectives, Timelines"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental degradation, climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution have emerged as some of the most critical global challenges of the 21st century. To address these concerns, nations across the world have come together under various international environmental conventions and protocols, creating legal, institutional, and cooperative mechanisms for environmental protection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article presents a comprehensive and updated overview of major international environmental conventions, protocols, and summits, their objectives, timelines, and relevance for India.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Major Environmental Conventions and Protocols<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental Conventions and Protocols are international agreements aimed at protecting the environment, biodiversity, and climate. All the Major Environmental Conventions and Protocols have been tabulated below.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 70.5067%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 111.465%;\" colspan=\"3\"><b>Major Environmental Conventions and Protocols<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 28.9809%;\"><b>Convention \/ Protocol<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 24.0446%;\"><b>Year<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 58.4395%;\"><b>Organisation \/ Framework<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ramsar Convention<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1971<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Convention<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CITES<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1973<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Agreement<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bonn Convention (CMS)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1979<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNEP<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vienna Convention<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1985 (in force 1988)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multilateral Environmental Agreement<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Montreal Protocol<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1987<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multilateral Environmental Agreement<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basel Convention<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1989<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multilateral Environmental Agreement<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CBD<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1992<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Multilateral Treaty<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNFCCC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1992<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inter-governmental Treaty<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rio Earth Summit<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1992<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">United Nations<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNCCD<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1994<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">United Nations<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kyoto Protocol<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1997<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNFCCC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rotterdam Convention<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1998<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UN Treaty<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cartagena Protocol<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2000<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CBD Protocol<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stockholm Convention<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2001<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global Treaty<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UN-REDD<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2008<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UN Programme<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nagoya Protocol<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2010<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CBD Protocol<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minamata Convention<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2013<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International Treaty<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 28.9809%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kigali Amendment<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.0446%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2016<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 58.4395%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Montreal Protocol<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/ramsar-convention-on-wetlands\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Ramsar Convention on Wetlands<\/strong><\/a> was adopted on <\/span><b>2 February 1971 at Ramsar, Iran<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it is the <\/span><b>first global treaty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dedicated to the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Convention aims at the <\/span><b>\u201cwise use\u201d of wetlands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ensuring ecological conservation while allowing sustainable human use.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wetlands under Ramsar include <\/span><b>natural and man-made ecosystems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as lakes, rivers, marshes, mangroves, coral reefs, reservoirs, and rice fields.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Member countries designate <\/span><b>Ramsar Sites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> based on ecological importance, biodiversity value, and significance for waterfowl and aquatic species.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India became a contracting party in <\/span><b>1982<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and currently has <\/span><b>96 Ramsar Sites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, reflecting its commitment to wetland conservation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Convention promotes <\/span><b>international cooperation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially for <\/span><b>transboundary wetlands and migratory species<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and is supported by NGOs like WWF and IUCN.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), 1973<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CITES was <\/span><b>adopted in 1973 at Washington D.C.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and came into force in <\/span><b>1975<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to regulate international trade in endangered wild fauna and flora.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its primary objective is to <\/span><b>ensure that international trade does not threaten the survival of species<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, covering live specimens, animal parts, and plant derivatives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Species are listed under <\/span><b>Appendix I (trade prohibited except in exceptional cases), Appendix II (regulated trade), and Appendix III (protected in at least one country)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CITES is a <\/span><b>legally binding international agreement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with over <\/span><b>180 member countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including India, which joined in <\/span><b>1976<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Implementation is carried out through a <\/span><b>permit and licensing system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, monitored by Management and Scientific Authorities in each member country.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CITES focuses on <\/span><b>trade regulation rather than habitat protection<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making it a key convention for controlling wildlife trafficking and illegal trade.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Bonn Convention 1979<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Bonn Convention, officially called the <\/span><b>Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, was <\/span><b>adopted in 1979<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and came into force in <\/span><b>1983<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the <\/span><b>only global treaty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dedicated exclusively to the conservation of <\/span><b>migratory species, their habitats, and migration routes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> across international boundaries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Migratory species are protected through <\/span><b>Appendix I (endangered migratory species &#8211; strict protection)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Appendix II (species requiring international cooperation)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Convention brings together <\/span><b>Range States<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, countries through which migratory species pass, to ensure coordinated conservation efforts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>CMS Secretariat is headquartered in Bonn, Germany<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and operates under the aegis of <\/span><b>UNEP<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has been a party since <\/span><b>1983<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with notable migratory species including <\/span><b>Amur Falcons, Bar-headed Geese, and marine turtles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Vienna Convention (1985)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Vienna Convention was <\/span><b>adopted in 1985<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and entered into force in <\/span><b>1988<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to protect the Earth\u2019s ozone layer from depletion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It provides a <\/span><b>framework for international cooperation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rather than imposing legally binding emission-reduction targets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Convention promotes <\/span><b>scientific research, systematic observation, and information exchange<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on ozone-depleting substances.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It laid the <\/span><b>institutional and legal foundation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the Montreal Protocol (1987).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parties commit to <\/span><b>cooperate on technology transfer and policy coordination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> related to ozone protection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>India became a Party in 1991<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, aligning with global efforts to safeguard the ozone layer.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Montreal Protocol (1987)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adopted in <\/span><b>1987<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and enforced from <\/span><b>1989<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the Montreal Protocol is a <\/span><b>legally binding agreement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under the Vienna Convention.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It aims to <\/span><b>phase out production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as CFCs, halons, and carbon tetrachloride.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Protocol operates on the principle of <\/span><b>common but differentiated responsibilities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, granting developing countries extended timelines.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has been <\/span><b>revised multiple times<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (London, Copenhagen, Beijing, etc.) to include additional substances and stricter controls.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Kigali Amendment (2016)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> further expanded its scope to phase down climate-warming HFCs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Basel Convention (1989)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adopted in <\/span><b>1989<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and entered into force in <\/span><b>1992<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the Basel Convention regulates <\/span><b>cross-border movement of hazardous wastes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It was framed in response to the <\/span><b>dumping of toxic wastes in developing countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, particularly in Africa.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Basel Convention aims to <\/span><b>protect human health and the environment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from adverse impacts of hazardous and other wastes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It mandates <\/span><b>prior informed consent (PIC)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of importing countries before waste shipment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The scope includes <\/span><b>industrial hazardous waste, biomedical waste, household waste, and incinerator ash<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CBD was adopted in <\/span><b>1992 at the <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/rio-earth-summit-1992\/\" target=\"_blank\">Rio Earth Summit<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and entered into force in <\/span><b>1993<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has <\/span><b>three objectives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use, and fair benefit sharing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a <\/span><b>legally binding multilateral treaty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with near-universal membership.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>United States is the only UN member<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> not to have ratified CBD.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cartagena Protocol<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Nagoya Protocol<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are its supplementary agreements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CBD promotes <\/span><b>ecosystem, species, and genetic diversity conservation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNFCCC was adopted in <\/span><b>1992 at Rio<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to address global <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>climate change<\/strong><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its objective is to <\/span><b>stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to prevent dangerous climate change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It operates on the principle of <\/span><b>Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It provides the framework for the <\/span><b>Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>UNFCCC Secretariat is headquartered in Bonn, Germany<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Annual <\/span><b>Conference of Parties (COP)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> meetings guide global climate action.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Rio Earth Summit (1992)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Rio Summit was held in <\/span><b>Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1992)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It marked a turning point in <\/span><b>global environmental diplomacy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Key outcomes included <\/span><b>Agenda 21, Rio Declaration, UNFCCC, and CBD<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It emphasized <\/span><b>sustainable development<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> linking environment and development.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Participation included <\/span><b>179 countries and numerous NGOs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It institutionalized the concept of <\/span><b>global environmental cooperation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNCCD was <\/span><b>adopted in 1994<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to combat <\/span><b>desertification, land degradation, and drought<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially in dryland regions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a <\/span><b>legally binding convention<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> linking environmental protection with <\/span><b>sustainable development and poverty reduction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Convention focuses on <\/span><b>arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which are ecologically fragile and highly vulnerable.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Member countries implement the Convention through <\/span><b>National Action Programmes (NAPs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with community participation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It promotes <\/span><b>Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to balance land degradation with restoration efforts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>India is a Party<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to UNCCD and hosted <\/span><b>COP-14 in New Delhi (2019)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, highlighting sustainable land management.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Kyoto Protocol<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Kyoto Protocol was <\/span><b>adopted in 1997<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under the <\/span><b>UNFCCC<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and entered into force in <\/span><b>2005<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It imposed <\/span><b>legally binding greenhouse gas emission reduction targets<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on <\/span><b>developed (Annex-I) countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Protocol operationalised the principle of <\/span><b>Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It introduced <\/span><b>market-based mechanisms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as the <\/span><b>Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Joint Implementation, and Emissions Trading.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Developing countries, including <\/span><b>India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, had <\/span><b>no mandatory emission reduction obligations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Protocol laid the foundation for <\/span><b>global carbon markets<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and future climate agreements.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Rotterdam Convention<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Rotterdam Convention was <\/span><b>adopted in 1998<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and entered into force in <\/span><b>2004<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It regulates the <\/span><b>international trade of certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Convention is based on the <\/span><b>Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, requiring importing countries\u2019 approval.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its objective is to <\/span><b>protect human health and the environment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from potential chemical hazards.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It promotes <\/span><b>information exchange<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on risks and safe handling of hazardous chemicals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Convention covers <\/span><b>industrial chemicals and pesticides<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that are banned or severely restricted.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Stockholm Convention<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Stockholm Convention was <\/span><b>adopted in 2001<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and entered into force in <\/span><b>2004<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It aims to <\/span><b>eliminate or restrict persistent organic pollutants (POPs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> globally.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">POPs are <\/span><b>toxic, bio-accumulative, long-lasting, and capable of long-range environmental transport<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Convention applies the <\/span><b>precautionary principle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in managing chemical risks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It seeks to protect <\/span><b>human health and the environment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially vulnerable populations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parties are required to <\/span><b>reduce, restrict, or eliminate POPs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through national action plans.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was <\/span><b>adopted in 2000<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under the <\/span><b>Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It entered into force in <\/span><b>2003<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and is a <\/span><b>legally binding international agreement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Protocol regulates the <\/span><b>transboundary movement of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> resulting from modern biotechnology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It follows the <\/span><b>precautionary approach<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, allowing countries to restrict LMOs even in the absence of full scientific certainty.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It mandates <\/span><b>risk assessment and risk management<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> before approval of LMOs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Protocol aims to <\/span><b>protect biological diversity and human health<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from potential adverse effects of LMOs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>UN-REDD<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN-REDD) was <\/span><b>launched in 2008<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as a <\/span><b>United Nations collaborative programme<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is jointly implemented by <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/united-nations-development-programme-undp\/\" target=\"_blank\">UNDP<\/a>, UNEP, and FAO<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The programme supports developing countries in <\/span><b>reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It provides <\/span><b>technical assistance, capacity building, and policy support<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for forest governance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UN-REDD strengthens <\/span><b>forest monitoring, measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It contributes to <\/span><b>climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable livelihoods<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>REDD+<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">REDD+ is a <\/span><b>climate change mitigation mechanism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> developed under the <\/span><b>UNFCCC<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> framework.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It aims to reduce emissions from <\/span><b>deforestation and forest degradation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in developing countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u201c+\u201d includes <\/span><b>forest conservation, sustainable forest management, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The framework was formally adopted as the <\/span><b>Warsaw Framework for REDD+ at COP-19 (2013)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">REDD+ is recognised under <\/span><b>Article 5 of the Paris Agreement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It encourages <\/span><b>results-based finance and incentives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for verified emission reductions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Nagoya Protocol<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Nagoya Protocol was <\/span><b>adopted in 2010<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Nagoya, Japan, as a supplementary agreement to the <\/span><b>Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It focuses on <\/span><b>Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of genetic resources.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Protocol ensures <\/span><b>fair and equitable sharing of benefits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> arising from the utilization of genetic resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It provides a <\/span><b>legal framework<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for researchers and companies accessing genetic resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It strengthens <\/span><b>sovereign rights of countries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> over their genetic resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Implementation supports <\/span><b>biodiversity conservation and sustainable use<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through economic and scientific incentives.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Minamata Convention<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Minamata Convention was <\/span><b>adopted in 2013<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and entered into force in <\/span><b>2017<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to address <\/span><b>mercury pollution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It aims to <\/span><b>protect human health and the environment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the harmful effects of mercury.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Convention <\/span><b>bans new mercury mines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and phases out existing ones.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It regulates <\/span><b>mercury use in products, industrial processes, and artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It establishes <\/span><b>control measures for air emissions, waste disposal, and contaminated sites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Kigali Amendment<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Kigali Amendment was <\/span><b>adopted in 2016<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under the <\/span><b>Montreal Protocol<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to address <\/span><b>hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HFCs <\/span><b>do not deplete the ozone layer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but have a <\/span><b>high global warming potential<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, contributing to climate change.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Amendment mandates a <\/span><b>gradual phase-down of HFC production and consumption<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India will implement the phase-down in <\/span><b>four stages from 2032 to 2047<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), 2022<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The CCTS was enabled through the <\/span><b>Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, establishing a <\/span><b>domestic carbon market<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It allows trading of <\/span><b>Carbon Credit Certificates<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for verified greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The scheme operates through <\/span><b>two mechanisms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Compliance Mechanism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 for obligated entities to meet emission reduction targets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><b>Offset Mechanism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 for non-obligated entities to earn credits by reducing\/removing emissions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> manages the scheme and ensures transparency via the <\/span><b>Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) framework<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>National Steering Committee for Indian Carbon Market (NSCICM)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provides strategic oversight.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CCTS supports India\u2019s <\/span><b>Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and climate mitigation targets under the Paris Agreement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Difference Between Conferences, Conventions and Protocols<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental agreements have different forms based on purpose and legal binding nature. The Difference Between Conferences, Conventions and Protocols has been highlighted below.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 94.0871%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 93.0861%;\" colspan=\"4\"><b>Difference Between Conferences, Conventions and Protocols<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 9.21844%;\"><b>Aspect<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 24.3487%;\"><b>Conference<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 26.8217%;\"><b>Convention<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 32.6973%;\"><b>Protocol<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 9.21844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Definition<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.3487%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A formal meeting or discussion on a topic.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.8217%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A framework agreement establishing rules or principles.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.6973%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A supplementary agreement specifying detailed targets or obligations.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 9.21844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Purpose<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.3487%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To discuss issues and plan future actions.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.8217%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To set fundamental principles for cooperation.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.6973%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To provide legally binding commitments under a Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 9.21844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legal Status<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.3487%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Usually non-binding.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.8217%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can be legally binding or framework-based.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.6973%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legally binding for signatory parties.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 9.21844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Participants<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.3487%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Representatives, experts, and stakeholders.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.8217%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Member countries agreeing on a framework.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.6973%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Signatory countries of the original Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 9.21844%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.3487%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earth Summit meetings, COP meetings.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.8217%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNFCCC, CBD, Ramsar Convention.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.6973%;\">\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kyoto Protocol, Montreal Protocol, Nagoya Protocol.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Environmental Conventions and Protocols explained with objectives, timelines and India\u2019s role, covering UNFCCC, CBD, Kyoto, Ramsar, CITES and more.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":79671,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[4419],"class_list":{"0":"post-79594","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-environmental-conventions-and-protocols","9":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79594","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=79594"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/79594\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/79671"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=79594"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=79594"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=79594"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}