{"id":84323,"date":"2026-04-15T10:05:20","date_gmt":"2026-04-15T04:35:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=84323"},"modified":"2026-04-16T17:18:08","modified_gmt":"2026-04-16T11:48:08","slug":"ugc-rule-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/ugc-rule-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"UGC Act, New UGC Rules 2026, Provisions, Download UGC Bill PDF"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The University Grants Commission (UGC) notified the Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions Regulations, 2026 to strengthen fairness, inclusion, and equal treatment across Indian universities and colleges. These rules aim to eliminate discrimination on campuses and ensure that students, teachers, and staff from all backgrounds feel safe, respected, and supported. The detailed UGC Act and New UGC Rules 2026 have been discussed below in detail.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Supreme Court Decision on UGC Rules 2026<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The Supreme Court has stayed the <strong data-start=\"52\" data-end=\"132\">UGC (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026<\/strong>, observing that the regulations raise serious constitutional and social concerns which, if left unaddressed, could have far-reaching and divisive consequences for society, prompting judicial scrutiny of their validity and impact.<\/p>\n<h2><b>What is University Grants Commission?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The University Grants Commission (UGC) is a statutory body responsible for the coordination, funding, and maintenance of standards in higher education in India. It was established to ensure uniform quality and systematic development of universities across the country.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The idea of a national higher education system originated from the <\/span><b>Sargeant Report, 1944<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <\/span><b>University Grants Committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was formed in <\/span><b>1945<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to supervise Aligarh, Banaras, and Delhi universities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By <\/span><b>1947<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, its jurisdiction was extended to all existing universities in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>University Education Commission (1948)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> chaired by <\/span><b>Dr. S. Radhakrishnan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> recommended restructuring it on the British model.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>1952<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the Union Government designated the <\/span><b>University Grants Commission<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to oversee grants for higher education institutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The UGC was formally inaugurated in <\/span><b>1953<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by <\/span><b>Maulana Abul Kalam Azad<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It became a <\/span><b>statutory body in 1956<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under the UGC Act, 1956.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The UGC is headquartered in <\/span><b>New Delhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It consists of a <\/span><b>Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and ten members<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> appointed by the Central Government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its main functions include <\/span><b>grant allocation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>advising on higher education reforms<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>maintaining academic standards<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>University Grants Commission (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026 Provisions<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Comprehensive Coverage of Caste-Based Discrimination:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The regulations clearly define caste-based discrimination to include unfair or biased treatment against <\/span><b>Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This explicitly extends legal protection to OBCs and addresses a major gap in earlier policy frameworks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Expanded and Inclusive Definition of Discrimination:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Discrimination is broadly defined as any <\/span><b>unfair, biased, or differential treatment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, whether direct or indirect, based on caste, religion, race, gender, place of birth, or disability. It also includes actions that undermine equality in education or violate human dignity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mandatory Establishment of Equal Opportunity Centres (EOCs):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> All higher education institutions are required to establish an <\/span><b>Equal Opportunity Centre (EOC)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to promote equity, social inclusion, and equal access, and to handle complaints related to discrimination on campus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Formation of Equity Committees under EOCs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Each institution must constitute an <\/span><b>Equity Committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under the EOC, chaired by the head of the institution, with compulsory representation from <\/span><b>SCs, STs, OBCs, women, and persons with disabilities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ensuring inclusive and balanced decision-making.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Reporting and Compliance Framework:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Equal Opportunity Centres must submit <\/span><b>bi-annual reports<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and institutions are required to file an <\/span><b>annual report on equity-related measures<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with the UGC, strengthening transparency and institutional accountability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Institutional Responsibility and Leadership Accountability:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The regulations place a clear obligation on institutions to eliminate discrimination and promote equity, with the <\/span><b>head of the institution held directly responsible<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for effective implementation and compliance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>National-Level Monitoring Mechanism:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The UGC will set up a <\/span><b>national monitoring committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> comprising representatives from statutory bodies and civil society to oversee implementation, review complaints, and recommend preventive measures. The committee will meet <\/span><b>at least twice a year<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Strict Penalties for Non-Compliance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Institutions that violate the regulations may face <\/span><b>debarment from UGC schemes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, restrictions on offering degree, distance, or online programmes, or <\/span><b>withdrawal of UGC recognition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, making the regulations legally enforceable rather than merely advisory<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>UGC Bill 2026 PDF Link<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>UGC New Rules 2026 is the official notification of the UGC (Promotion of Equity in Higher Education Institutions) Regulations, 2026, which many sources refer to informally as the UGC Bill 2026. It contains the full text of the new regulations that were published in the Official Gazette.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><center><a class=\"fasc-button fasc-size-medium fasc-type-glossy fasc-rounded-medium fasc-style-bold\" style=\"background-color: #33809e; color: #ffffff;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/ugc-new-rules-2026_compressed.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Click here to download UGC Bill 2026 PDF<\/a><\/center><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong>What is UGC Bill 2026 in Hindi?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>UGC \u092c\u093f\u0932 2026 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0940, \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930, \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c\u0926\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u092e\u0947\u091f\u0940, \u0913\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0921\u094d\u0938\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 UGC \u092c\u093f\u0932 2026 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0947\u0926\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2><b>What is Ombudsperson in New UGC Rules 2026<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An <\/span><b>Ombudsperson <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is an independent authority responsible for hearing appeals related to equity-based grievances when a complainant is not satisfied with the decision taken by the institution\u2019s internal mechanisms.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ombudsperson acts as a <\/span><b>neutral and impartial appellate authority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Students or staff can approach the Ombudsperson if their complaint regarding discrimination, exclusion, or unfair treatment is not adequately resolved by the Equity Committee.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Ombudsperson ensures <\/span><b>transparency, fairness, and timely justice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decisions of the Ombudsperson are binding on the institution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Role of Equal Opportunity Centre<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Equal Opportunity Centre (EOC) is the core institutional mechanism under the 2026 regulations. It functions as the nodal body for promoting equity and inclusion on campus.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Promotion of Equity and Social Inclusion:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ensure equity and equal opportunity for all stakeholders in the HEI and foster social inclusion across the campus.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Elimination of Discrimination:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Promote fairness among students, teaching, and non-teaching staff while removing actual and perceived discrimination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Inclusive and Conducive Campus Environment:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Create a socially harmonious atmosphere that encourages healthy academic interaction among students from diverse social backgrounds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Awareness and Sensitisation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sensitise students, faculty, and staff on issues of social inclusion, equity, and non-discrimination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Support and Protection for Disadvantaged Groups:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Provide assistance to individuals or groups from disadvantaged sections and protect complainants from retaliation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Information Dissemination and Reporting Mechanisms:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Disseminate information on welfare schemes and maintain an online portal for reporting incidents of discrimination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Institutional Coordination and Inclusive Processes:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Develop inclusive admission procedures and coordinate with government and other agencies to mobilise academic and financial support for disadvantaged students.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><b>Equity Committee Composition<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every Higher Education Institution must constitute an Equity Committee under the Equal Opportunity Centre. The committee examines complaints, recommends action, and ensures compliance with equity norms.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Head of the Institution shall be the ex-officio Chairperson<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Three Professors\/Senior Faculty Members of the HEI, as Members<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One Staff Member, other than a teacher, of the HEI, as a Member<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Two representatives from civil society having relevant experience, as Members<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Two student representatives, to be nominated based on academic merit\/excellence in <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sports\/performance in co-curricular activities, as Special Invitees.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>The Coordinator of the Equal Opportunity Centre shall act as the ex-officio Member Secretary<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><b>Representation Requirement<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The committee must ensure adequate representation of:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scheduled Castes (SC)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Scheduled Tribes (ST)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other Backward Classes (OBC)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Persons with Disabilities<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Legal Provisions Against Caste Discrimination<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has a strong constitutional and legal framework to prevent caste-based discrimination and ensure equality, dignity, and social justice. These provisions protect historically disadvantaged communities, especially Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), from exclusion and abuse.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 14 (Right to Equality):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Guarantees equality before law and equal protection of laws to all persons, prohibiting arbitrary discrimination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 15 (Prohibition of Discrimination):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Prohibits discrimination by the State on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth and allows affirmative action for socially and educationally backward classes.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Article 16 (Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ensures equal opportunity in public employment and permits reservation for SCs, STs, and OBCs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 17 (Abolition of Untouchability):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Abolishes untouchability in all forms and declares its practice a punishable offence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Article 46 (Directive Principle of State Policy):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Directs the State to promote the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs, and other weaker sections and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><b>Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Enforces Article 17 by prescribing penalties for practising untouchability and denying civil rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/scheduled-caste-and-scheduled-tribe-prevention-of-atrocities-act-1989\/\" target=\"_blank\">Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act<\/a>, 1989:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Provides stringent punishment for offences against SCs and STs and aims to prevent social, economic, and physical exploitation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/rte-act\/\" target=\"_blank\">Right to Education Act<\/a>, 2009:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Promotes inclusive and non-discriminatory access to elementary education for all children.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>University Grants Commission Regulations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Mandate higher education institutions to prevent caste-based discrimination and establish grievance redressal and equity mechanisms.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Judicial Safeguards:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Indian courts have consistently upheld constitutional values of equality and dignity and expanded protections through progressive interpretations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Impact of Caste-Based Discrimination on Access to Education<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Erosion of Constitutional Values:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Caste discrimination undermines <\/span><b>equality, dignity, and fraternity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, weakening trust in affirmative action and democratic institutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Restricted Access to Quality Education:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Prejudice and poor schooling outcomes reduce the representation of SC\/ST\/OBC students in elite institutions, limiting social mobility.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Higher Dropout Rates:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Combined academic, financial, and psychological pressures result in disproportionately higher dropout rates among marginalised communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Psychological Exclusion:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Stigma associated with \u201creserved category\u201d status causes anxiety, low self-esteem, and adverse academic outcomes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Weak Grievance Redressal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> SC\/ST Cells in many institutions lack autonomy and effective enforcement powers, often prioritising institutional reputation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Campus Segregation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The <\/span><b>Thorat Committee (2007)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> highlighted segregation in hostels, dining spaces, and sports facilities, leading to isolation of marginalised students.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div 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