{"id":88916,"date":"2026-02-20T17:02:57","date_gmt":"2026-02-20T11:32:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=88916"},"modified":"2026-02-20T17:02:57","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T11:32:57","slug":"naga-movement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/naga-movement\/","title":{"rendered":"Naga Movement, History, Phases, About Naga Community"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Naga Movement is a political movement in <\/span><b>Northeast India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where Naga groups demanded more autonomy and protection of their identity after independence. Over the years, it became an important internal security and peace issue and the government has tried to resolve it through talks and agreements.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>About Nagas<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Nagas are a <\/span><b>tribal community<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> mainly living in the hilly and mountainous areas of Northeast India and parts of Myanmar. Their total <\/span><b>population is around 2.5 million<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, with most living in Nagaland and others in Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They are divided into several major tribes and each tribe has its own name, culture and language. The Nagas are considered an indigenous group of the region and it is generally believed that they belong to the Indo-Mongoloid group who migrated to this area many centuries ago.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Naga Movement History<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The history of the Naga Movement can be understood in different phases over time. It began before independence and later developed into an armed struggle after 1947. The main events and developments of the movement are discussed below.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Pre-Independence Phase of the Naga Movement<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The British took control of Assam in 1826, and later, in 1881, the Naga Hills also became part of British India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1918, Naga leaders formed the Naga Club to unite different Naga tribes and protect their interests. In 1929, the Club submitted a memorandum to the Simon Commission, requesting that Naga areas should not be merged with the rest of India and should be allowed to remain separate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1946, the Naga Club developed into the Naga National Council (NNC), which aimed at the social and political progress of the Nagas. After the return of Angami Zapu Phizo in 1947, the demand for complete independence became stronger.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On 14 August 1947, under Phizo\u2019s leadership, the NNC declared Nagaland as an independent state. In 1951, it conducted a referendum claiming support for a sovereign Nagaland.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earlier, in June 1947, <\/span><b>Assam Governor Sir Akbar Hydari had signed the Nine-Point Agreement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with moderate Naga leaders, offering some autonomy. However, Phizo rejected this agreement as he wanted full independence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Post-Independence Phase &amp; Peace Process<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After independence, the Naga National Council (NNC) started an armed movement in the 1950s demanding sovereignty. In 1952, A.Z. Phizo formed the underground Naga Federal Government (NFG) and its armed wing, the Naga Federal Army (NFA).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To control the insurgency, the Government of India sent the Army and enacted the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act <\/span><b>(AFSPA) in 1958.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1960, a <\/span><b>16-Point Agreement was signed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with moderate Naga leaders, which led to the creation of the state of <\/span><b>Nagaland in 1963<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. However, violence continued. A Peace Mission was started in 1964, but talks failed by 1967.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Shillong Accord (1975)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1975, the Shillong Accord was signed between the Government of India and a section of NNC leaders. They agreed to give up violence and accept the <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Indian Constitution<\/strong><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, this agreement was strongly opposed by leaders like Thuingaleng Muivah and Isak Swu. In 1980, they formed the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later, in 1988, the NSCN split into:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NSCN (IM) led by Isak and Muivah<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NSCN (K) led by Khaplang<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over time, the NNC became weaker, and NSCN (IM) emerged as the main Naga insurgent group.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Demand for Greater Nagaland<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under the leadership of NSCN (IM), many Naga groups demanded the creation of a larger Naga homeland, often called Greater Nagalim.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One idea was to form a completely independent country that would include present-day Nagaland and all Naga-inhabited areas of Manipur and even parts of Myanmar.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another demand was to bring together all Naga-inhabited districts of Manipur and merge them with Nagaland, but within the framework of the Indian Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This demand has been a major issue in peace talks because it involves changing state boundaries in the Northeast.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Naga Peace Accord (2015)<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Naga Peace Accord, also called the Framework Agreement, was signed on 3 August 2015 between the Government of India and the NSCN (IM). Its main aim was to end the long-running Naga insurgency and find a peaceful solution to the Naga issue.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Background &amp; Outcomes: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 1997, the NSCN (IM) had been in ceasefire and peace talks with the Government of India. After many years of discussions, both sides signed the Framework Agreement in 2015 and the key outcomes are:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The full details of the agreement were not made public, but some broad ideas were discussed:<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More powers could be given to Nagaland under <\/span><b>Article 371(A)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NSCN (IM) cadres could be adjusted into a new security force.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More autonomy could be given to Naga areas in Manipur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, there would be no change in state boundaries (no physical integration of all Naga areas).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The agreement was only a basic framework. A final detailed settlement is still pending.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Major Issues in the Peace Talks<\/b>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Issue of Sovereignty<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The agreement mentions \u201csharing sovereign power.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NSCN (IM) says this means Nagas should retain some form of sovereignty.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Government of India does not accept separate sovereignty.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Separate Flag and Constitution<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NSCN (IM) demands a separate <\/span><b>Naga flag and constitution (Yezabo).<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Centre has not agreed to this demand.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Vague Language of the Agreement<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The wording of the Framework Agreement is unclear, leading to different interpretations by both sides.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Role of Other Naga Groups (NNPGs)<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Smaller Naga groups were also included in talks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This created tension, as NSCN (IM) considers itself the main representative of Naga interests.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Trust Issues<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Differences arose between NSCN (IM) and the government\u2019s interlocutor (R.N. Ravi), leading to a trust deficit.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Naga Movement traces the history of Naga insurgency, key accords like Shillong Accord 1975 and 2015 Peace Accord, and issues of sovereignty and autonomy in Northeast India.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":88940,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[5395,5580],"class_list":{"0":"post-88916","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-internal-security","9":"tag-naga-movement","10":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88916","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=88916"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88916\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":89003,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88916\/revisions\/89003"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/88940"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=88916"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=88916"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=88916"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}