


{"id":89130,"date":"2026-02-21T16:45:25","date_gmt":"2026-02-21T11:15:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=89130"},"modified":"2026-02-21T16:45:25","modified_gmt":"2026-02-21T11:15:25","slug":"article-32-of-indian-constitution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-32-of-indian-constitution\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 32 of Indian Constitution, Right to Constitutional Remedies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 32 of Indian Constitution is famously called the <\/span><b>\u201cheart and soul\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Constitution by <\/span><b>Dr. B.R. Ambedkar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It guarantees every Indian citizen the <\/span><b>right to constitutional remedies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when their fundamental rights are violated. Through this provision, citizens can directly approach the <\/span><b>Supreme Court for protection of their rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It ensures justice, safeguards liberty, and strengthens the democratic framework of India.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Article 32 of Indian Constitution<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 32 provides the right to constitutional remedies, allowing citizens to move the Supreme Court (SC) for enforcement of their Fundamental Rights (FRs). Unlike other rights, Article 32 gives the SC mandatory jurisdiction, meaning the Court cannot refuse to hear cases related to violations of FRs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Parliament can empower other courts to issue directions and writs for enforcing fundamental rights. However, this does <\/span><b>not include High Courts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, as they already have <\/span><b>writ jurisdiction under Article 226<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Types of Writs under Article 32<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Writs are legal orders issued by the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/supreme-court-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">Supreme Court<\/a><\/strong> to enforce fundamental rights. There are five main writs:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>1. Habeas Corpus (\u201cTo have the body\u201d)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Purpose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Protects individuals from <\/span><b>unlawful detention or imprisonment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Who can file<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Any person, even on behalf of someone detained.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Against whom<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Public authorities or private individuals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Exceptions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lawful detention<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detention by a competent court<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contempt proceedings<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detention outside court jurisdiction<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>2. Mandamus (\u201cWe command\u201d)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Purpose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Orders public officials to perform duties they have failed to do.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Who can file<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Any person whose rights are affected.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Against whom<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Public officials, government bodies, corporations, tribunals, or inferior courts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cannot be issued<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Against private individuals<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To enforce discretionary duties<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To enforce contractual obligations<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Against the President, Governors, or Chief Justices of High Courts<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>3. Prohibition (\u201cTo forbid\u201d)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Purpose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Prevents a lower court or tribunal from exceeding its jurisdiction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Against whom<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Only judicial and quasi-judicial bodies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Difference from Mandamus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Mandamus orders <\/span><b>action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, while Prohibition orders <\/span><b>inaction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>4. Certiorari (\u201cTo be certified or informed\u201d)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Purpose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Transfers a case from a lower court to a higher court or nullifies the lower court\u2019s order due to <\/span><b>excess of jurisdiction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><b>error of law<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Against whom<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Judicial, quasi-judicial, and administrative authorities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>5. Quo Warranto (\u201cBy what authority\u201d)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Purpose<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Challenges the <\/span><b>legal right of a person to hold a public office<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Who can file<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Any interested person, not necessarily the aggrieved.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Scope<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Only for <\/span><b>substantial public offices<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> created by statute or Constitution. Cannot be applied to ministerial or private offices.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Can Article 32 of Indian Constitution be Amended?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>Article 32 of the Indian Constitution cannot be amended<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as it is part of the <\/span><b>basic structure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the Constitution. The <\/span><b>Supreme Court, in Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ruled that the basic structure cannot be altered. Later, in <\/span><b>L. Chandra Kumar vs Union of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the Court confirmed that Article 32 is an integral part of this basic structure. Therefore, Parliament <\/span><b>cannot amend or remove<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the right to constitutional remedies under Article 32.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Supreme Court Observations on Article 32<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that Article 32 is a <\/span><b>fundamental right and a guaranteed remedy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for enforcement of fundamental rights, and any obstruction to it undermines justice. Its accessibility and urgency are crucial for protecting citizens\u2019 liberties.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Romesh Thappar vs State of Madras (1950)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Article 32 provides a <\/span><b>\u201cguaranteed remedy\u201d<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the enforcement of fundamental rights.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Arnab Goswami Case<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Any hindrance to the right under Article 32 is a <\/span><b>serious interference with the justice system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Telugu Poet Varavara Rao Case<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 SC directed the <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/bombay-high-court-on-protective-custody-under-pita\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bombay High Court<\/a> to expedite a bail plea<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, emphasizing timely justice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Journalist Siddique Kappan Case<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 SC questioned <\/span><b>why petitioners could not approach the <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/high-courts-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">High Court<\/a><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, underlining the importance of accessible remedies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>L. Chandra Kumar vs Union of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Confirmed Article 32 as <\/span><b>integral to the basic structure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and cannot be amended.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><b>Difference Between Article 32 and Article 226<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>Article 32<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provides citizens with a <\/span><b>fundamental right to approach the Supreme Court<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for enforcement of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/fundamental-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Fundamental Rights<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, whereas <\/span><b>Article 226<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> empowers High Courts with <\/span><b>discretionary writ jurisdiction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to enforce both <\/span><b>fundamental and legal rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\"><b>Difference Between Article 32 and Article 226<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><b>Feature<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><b>Article 32<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><b>Article 226<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><b>Type of Right<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fundamental Right under Part III<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Constitutional right (not a fundamental right)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><b>Jurisdiction<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pan India (Supreme Court)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Territorial jurisdiction of the respective High Court<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><b>Scope<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limited to enforcement of <\/span><b>Fundamental Rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> only<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Broader scope; can enforce <\/span><b>Fundamental Rights and other legal rights<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><b>Discretionary Power<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mandatory; SC cannot refuse to hear a petition<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discretionary; High Court may decide whether to issue a writ or not<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><b>Suspension<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can be suspended during National Emergency under Article 359<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cannot be suspended even during Emergency<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><b>Writs<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SC can issue <\/span><b>Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High Court can issue <\/span><b>all five writs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> similar to SC<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><b>Court to Approach<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supreme Court directly<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">High Court within its territorial jurisdiction<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><b>Speed of Justice<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Often faster for fundamental rights violation<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May vary depending on court discretion and local jurisdiction<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Article 32 of Indian Constitution guarantees the right to constitutional remedies, allowing citizens to approach the Supreme Court to enforce Fundamental Rights.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":89187,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[5611,1642],"class_list":{"0":"post-89130","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-article-32-of-indian-constitution","9":"tag-right-to-constitutional-remedies","10":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89130","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=89130"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89130\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":89132,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/89130\/revisions\/89132"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/89187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89130"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=89130"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=89130"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}