{"id":90125,"date":"2026-03-09T17:40:36","date_gmt":"2026-03-09T12:10:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=90125"},"modified":"2026-03-19T11:21:09","modified_gmt":"2026-03-19T05:51:09","slug":"article-23-of-indian-constitution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-23-of-indian-constitution\/","title":{"rendered":"Article 23 of Indian Constitution, Provisions, Case Laws"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 23 of Indian Constitution forms a core part of the Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution of India. It guarantees protection against exploitation by prohibiting human trafficking and all forms of forced labour. This provision reflects India\u2019s commitment to dignity, equality, and social justice. It protects every individual, whether citizen or non citizen, against coercion, abuse, and practices that reduce human beings to commodities or unpaid labour.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Article 23 of Indian Constitution<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 23 of Indian Constitution clearly declares that trafficking in human beings, begar, and other similar kinds of forced labour are strictly prohibited. Any violation of this mandate is treated as a punishable offence under law. The Article also permits the State to impose compulsory service for public purposes, but only without discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, or class. It applies against both State authorities and private individuals, ensuring that exploitation in any form is constitutionally forbidden.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Article 23 of Indian Constitution Provisions<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 23 of Indian Constitution contains two clauses defining prohibition and a limited exception with safeguards against discrimination.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 23 (1)- Prohibition:\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traffic in human beings, begar, and similar forced labour are banned, and violation becomes a punishable offence under law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traffic: It includes buying and selling men, women, and children as commodities, immoral trafficking, prostitution rackets, devadasi practice, and slavery like systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Begar: Begar refers to compulsory unpaid work historically imposed by landlords or rulers without any remuneration to labourers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forced Labour: It covers physical force, legal pressure, and economic compulsion forcing a person to work against his or her will.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minimum Wage: Paying less than minimum wages has been treated judicially as a form of forced labour under this Article.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Applicability: Protection is available to citizens and non citizens alike and operates against both government authorities and private persons.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Article 23 (2)- Exception:\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The State may impose compulsory service for public purposes such as military or social service.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non Discrimination: While imposing compulsory service, discrimination solely on religion, race, caste, or class is constitutionally prohibited.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Age: The text of Article 23 does not specify any age limit within its wording.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legislative Support: Laws such as the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/bonded-labour-act\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bonded Labour System Abolition Act 1976<\/a><\/strong> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/immoral-traffic-prevention-act\/\" target=\"_blank\">Immoral Traffic Prevention Act 1956<\/a><\/strong> were enacted to implement its mandate.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Article 23 of Indian Constitution Case Laws<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Judiciary has interpreted Article 23 of Indian Constitution broadly to expand protection against exploitation.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>People\u2019s Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India:<\/strong> Supreme Court held that force includes economic compulsion, and paying below minimum wages amounts to forced labour.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Sanjit Roy v. State of Rajasthan<\/strong>: Court ruled that exemption from Minimum Wages Act in famine relief works was unconstitutional under Article 23.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India<\/strong>: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/supreme-court-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">Supreme Court<\/a><\/strong> directed states to identify, release, and rehabilitate bonded labourers systematically.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Deena v. Union of India<\/strong>: Forced prison labour without remuneration was held violative of Article 23 protections.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Chandra v. State of Rajasthan<\/strong>: Rajasthan <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/high-courts-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">High Court<\/a><\/strong> invalidated compulsory unpaid village service ordered by a Sarpanch.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Dulal Samanta v. D.M. Howrah<\/strong>: Court upheld compulsory police service as valid public purpose, not begar or trafficking.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Devendra Nath Gupta v. State of Madhya Pradesh<\/strong>: Educational survey and election duties without extra pay were treated as valid public service.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Vishal Jeet v. Union of India<\/strong>: Court emphasized protection of victims of trafficking and recognised wage denial as forced labour.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 88.2994%; height: 150px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 113.938%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Also Check Related Articles<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-167-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 167 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-93-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 93 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; 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height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-82-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 82 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-97-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 97 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-224-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 224 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-251-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 251 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-13-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 13 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-29-and-30-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 29 &amp; 30 of Indian Constitution <\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-15-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 15 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-4-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 4 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-85-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 85 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-27-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 27 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-238-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 238 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-312-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 312 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-137-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 137 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-118-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 118 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-353-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 353 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-111-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 111 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-113-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 113 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-76-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 76 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-44-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 44 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-50-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Article 50 of Indian Constitution<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-295-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 295 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-194-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 194 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-39-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 39 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-191-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 191 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-20-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 20 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-16-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 16 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 25px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 53.5217%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-67-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 67 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.4159%; height: 25px; text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-40-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 40 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 0px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 113.938%; height: 10px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/article-78-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Article 78 of Indian Constitution<\/a><\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Article 23 of Indian Constitution bans human trafficking, begar and forced labour, protects against exploitation, and permits limited compulsory public service.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":90109,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[5752,5560],"class_list":{"0":"post-90125","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-article-23-of-indian-constitution","9":"tag-constitution","10":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90125","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=90125"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90125\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":93638,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90125\/revisions\/93638"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/90109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=90125"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=90125"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=90125"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}