{"id":90342,"date":"2026-02-27T17:54:07","date_gmt":"2026-02-27T12:24:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=90342"},"modified":"2026-02-27T17:54:07","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T12:24:07","slug":"74th-constitutional-amendment-act","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/74th-constitutional-amendment-act\/","title":{"rendered":"74th Constitutional Amendment Act 1992, Objectives, Features"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">74th Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 provided constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India. It <\/span><b>added a new Part IX-A to the Constitution of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This part is entitled as <\/span><b>\u2018The Municipalities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019 and consists of provisions from <\/span><b>Articles 243-P to 243-ZG<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In addition, the act has also <\/span><b>added a new Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This schedule contains eighteen functional items of municipalities. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This amendment, also known as the <\/span><b>Municipalities Act<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, came into force on <\/span><b>1st June 1993.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><b>74th Constitutional Amendment Act Objectives<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><b>Objectives of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 are:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To strengthen urban local governance by providing constitutional recognition to municipalities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To promote democratic decentralisation by transferring authority to urban local bodies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To encourage people\u2019s participation in decision-making processes at the city and town level.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To improve urban planning, development management, and public service delivery in urban areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has <\/span><b>brought Municipalities under the purview of justiciable part of the Constitution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. State governments are under constitutional obligation to adopt the new system of municipalities in accordance with the<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">provisions of the act.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 Features<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 has the following salient features:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Constitution of Municipalities (243Q)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">74th Constitutional Amendment Act provides for the constitution of the following three types of municipalities in every state.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Nagar Panchayat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for an area in transition from rural to urban area<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Municipal Council<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for a smaller urban area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Municipal Corporation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for a larger urban area.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since demographic, economic, and geographic conditions vary significantly across states, the Constitution has left it to the State Legislatures to decide the specific category of municipality suitable for a particular urban area. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, there is an exception. If municipal services in an urban area are already being provided by an industrial establishment, the <\/span><b>Governor<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> may declare such an area as an industrial township, and in such cases, a municipality may not be constituted.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Composition of Municipalities (Article 243R)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All the <\/span><b>members<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of a municipality shall be <\/span><b>elected directly<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by the people of the municipal area. For this purpose, each municipal area shall be divided into territorial constituencies to be known as <\/span><b>wards<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<\/span><b> state legislature may provide the manner of election of the chairperson of a municipality. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It may also provide for the representation of the following persons in a municipality.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Persons having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration without the right to vote in the meetings of municipality.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The members of the <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/lok-sabha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Lok Sabha<\/strong><\/a> and the state legislative assembly representing constituencies that comprise wholly or partly the municipal area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The members of the <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/rajya-sabha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Rajya Sabha<\/strong><\/a> and the state legislative council registered as electors within the municipal area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The chairpersons of committees (other than wards committees).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Wards Committees (Article 243S)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There shall be constituted a <\/span><b>wards committee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, consisting of one or more wards, within the territorial area of a municipality having <\/span><b>population of three lakh or more.\u00a0<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The state legislature may make provision with respect to the composition and the territorial area of a wards committee and the manner in which the seats in a wards committee shall be filled.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to the ward committees, the state legislature is also allowed to make any provision for the constitution of other committees. The chairpersons of such committees may be made members of the municipality.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Reservation of Seats ( Article 243T)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in proportion to their population in the municipal area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At least <\/span><b>one-third of the total seats are reserved for women<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including SC and ST women.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State legislatures may make rules regarding reservation of chairperson offices for SCs, STs, and women.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in municipalities may be provided by state law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reservation for SCs and STs in municipalities will cease after the period mentioned in Article 334 of the Constitution.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Duration of Municipalities (Article 243U)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every municipality has a fixed term of <\/span><b>five years.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A municipality can be dissolved before the completion of its term.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In case of dissolution, fresh elections must be held <\/span><b>within six months.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the remaining term is less than six months, conducting elections is not compulsory.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A municipality reconstituted after dissolution will serve only the remaining period of the original term.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before dissolving a municipality, it must be given a reasonable opportunity to present its case.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Disqualifications (Article 243V)\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A person is disqualified if he is disqualified under the election laws for the State Legislature or under any state law.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The minimum age to contest municipal elections is <\/span><b>21 years.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All questions related to disqualification are decided by the authority specified by the <\/span><b>State Legislature.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Powers and Functions (Article 243W)\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The state legislature may endow the municipalities with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self-government.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Municipalities may be given responsibilities for :\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preparation of plans for economic development and social justice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Implementation of development schemes, including functions listed in the 12th Schedule.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Finances (243X)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The state legislature may authorise a municipality to\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assign to a municipality taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied and collected by state government;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide for making grants-in-aid to the municipalities from the consolidated fund of the state;\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide for constitution of funds for crediting all moneys of the municipalities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Finance Commission (Article 243Y)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A State Finance Commission is constituted every five years to review the financial position of municipalities. It recommends:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The distribution between the state and the municipalities of the net proceeds of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied by the state and allocation of shares amongst the municipalities at all levels.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees that may be assigned to the municipalities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The grants-in-aid to the municipalities from the consolidated fund of the state.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The measures needed to improve the financial position of the municipalities<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Any other matter referred to it by the governor in the interests of sound finance of municipalities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Governor places these recommendations and action reports before the State Legislature.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Central Finance Commission may also suggest ways to strengthen municipal resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Audit of Accounts ( Article 243Z)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The state legislature may make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by municipalities and the auditing of such accounts.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>State Election Commission (243ZA)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/state-election-commission\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>State Election Commission<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is responsible for preparing electoral rolls and conducting elections to municipalities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The state legislature may make provision with respect to all matters relating to elections to the municipalities.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Application to Union Territories (Article 243ZB)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The provisions of this part are applicable to the Union territories.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, the President may direct that they would apply to a Union territory subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Exempted Areas (Article 243ZC)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The act does not apply to the scheduled areas and tribal areas in the states<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It shall also not affect the functions and powers of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council of the West Bengal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the Parliament may extend the provisions of this part to the scheduled areas and tribal areas subject to such exceptions and modifications as it may specify.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>District Planning Committee (Article 243ZD)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every state must constitute a District Planning Committee (DPC) at the district level.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main purpose of the DPC is to consolidate development plans prepared by Panchayats and Municipalities and prepare a district-wide development plan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The state legislature may make provisions with respect to the following:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The composition of such committees<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The manner of election of members of such committees;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The functions of such committees in relation to district planning<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The manner of the election of the chairpersons of such committees.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The act lays down that four-fifths of the members of a district planning committee should be elected by the elected members of district panchayat and municipalities in the district from amongstthemselves.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The representation of these members in the committee should be in proportion to the ratio between the rural and urban populations in the district.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The chairperson of such committee shall forward the development plan to the state government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In preparing the draft development plan, a district planning committee shall have regard to<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Matters of common interest between the Panchayats and Municipalities including spatial planning, sharing of water other physical and natural resources, the integrated development of infrastructure and environmental conservation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extent and type of available resources whether financial or otherwise;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consult such institutions and organisations as the Governor may specify.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Metropolitan Planning Committe (Article 243ZE)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Every metropolitan area (population of 10 lakh or more) shall have a metropolitan planning committee to prepare a draft development plan.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The state legislature may make provisions with respect to the following:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The composition of such committees;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The manner of election of members of such committees<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The representation in such committes of the Central government, state government and other organisations;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The functions of such committees in relation to planning and coordination for the metropolitan area; and\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The manner of election of chairpersons of such committees.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The act lays down that two-thirds of the members of a metropolitan planning committee should be elected by the elected members of the municipalities and chairpersons of the panchayats in the metropolitan area from amongst themselves.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The representation of these members in the committee should be in proportion to the ratio between the population of the municipalities and the panchayats in that metropolitan area.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The chairpersons of such committees shall forward the development plan to the state government.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In preparing the draft development plan, a metropolitan planning committee shall have regard to &#8211;\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plan prepared by the Municipalities and the Panchayats in the metropolitan area<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Matter of common interest between the Municipalities and Panchayats including coordinated spatial plans of the area<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sharing of water and other physical and natural resources<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Integrated development of infrastructure and environmental conservation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overall objectives and priorities set by the Government of India and the State Government<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extent and nature of investments likely to be made in the metropolitan area by agencies of the Government<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other available resources, financial and otherwise<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consult such institutions and organisations as the Governor may specify.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Continuance of Existing Laws and Municipalities (Article 243ZF)\u00a0<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All state laws related to municipalities remained in force for one year after the commencement of this Act.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">States were required to adopt the new municipal governance system within one year from 1 June 1993, when the Act came into effect.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Municipalities existing before the commencement of the Act continued till the completion of their original term, unless dissolved earlier by the State Legislature<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Bar to Interference by Courts in Electoral Matters (Article 243ZG)<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The act bars the interference by courts in the electoral matters of municipalities.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It declares that the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies cannot be questioned in any court.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It further lays down that no election to any municipality is to be questioned except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as provided by the state legislature.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Twelfth Schedule of Indian Constitution<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/12th-schedule-of-indian-constitution\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Twelfth Schedule of Indian Constitution<\/strong><\/a> contains the following 18 functional items placed within the purview of municipalities:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban planning (including town planning)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regulation of land use and buildings<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic and social development planning<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Roads and bridges<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water supply<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public health, sanitation, solid waste management<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fire services<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban forestry and environmental protection<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Welfare of weaker sections, including disabled<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Slum improvement<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban poverty alleviation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parks, gardens, playgrounds<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promotion of cultural, educational, and aesthetic aspects<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Burials, cremations<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vital statistics (births &amp; deaths)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public amenities (street lighting, parking, bus stops)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Regulation of slaughterhouses and tanneries<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>74th Constitutional Amendment Act granted constitutional status to municipalities, strengthened urban governance, ensured elections, reservations, and better city planning.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":90348,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[5783],"class_list":{"0":"post-90342","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-74th-constitutional-amendment-act","9":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90342","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=90342"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90342\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":90344,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/90342\/revisions\/90344"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/90348"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=90342"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=90342"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=90342"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}