{"id":98122,"date":"2026-04-13T15:24:41","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T09:54:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=98122"},"modified":"2026-04-13T15:24:41","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T09:54:41","slug":"colonization-of-africa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/colonization-of-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"Colonization of Africa, Background, Major Powers, Effects"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Colonization of Africa refers to the period between the <\/span><b>late 19th and early 20th centuries<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> when European countries took control of almost the entire African continent. This phase is also known as the Scramble for Africa, during which powerful nations competed to occupy African territories for economic and political gain. By the early 1900s, nearly 90% of Africa was under European rule, drastically transforming its history, culture, and economy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Colonization of Africa Background<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before European colonization, Africa was a diverse and developed continent with powerful kingdoms, rich cultures, and strong trade networks. However, with growing European interest during the 19th century, the continent gradually became a target for exploration and control.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Africa had well-established empires like the Mali Empire and Songhai Empire, known for wealth, administration, and learning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Kingdom of Aksum was an important trade center connecting Africa with Asia and Europe.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">African societies had organized political systems, traditional laws, and strong cultural identities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade routes across the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/sahara-desert\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sahara Desert<\/a><\/strong> connected Africa with the Middle East and Europe.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">European explorers like David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley revealed Africa\u2019s resources to the Western world.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The growing impact of the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/industrial-revolution\/\" target=\"_blank\">Industrial Revolution<\/a><\/strong> increased Europe\u2019s interest in Africa.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Berlin Conference marked the beginning of formal partition of Africa among European powers.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Major Colonial Powers in Africa<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the colonization period, several European nations established control over different parts of Africa to expand their empires and access resources. Each power ruled specific regions based on its political and economic interests.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Britain<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> controlled vast territories such as Egypt, Sudan, Nigeria, and South Africa, focusing on trade routes and resource-rich areas while establishing strong administrative systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>France<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> dominated large parts of West and North Africa including Senegal and Algeria, aiming to spread its language, culture, and political influence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Belgium<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, under Leopold II, controlled the Congo Free State, where extreme exploitation and forced labor were practiced.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Germany<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ruled regions like Tanganyika (Tanzania), Namibia, and Cameroon, focusing on plantation agriculture and resource extracti3on.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Portugal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> controlled coastal regions such as Angola and Mozambique, maintaining long-standing trade connections and exploiting natural resources.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Italy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> occupied territories like Libya and Eritrea, though its control was weaker compared to other European powers and faced resistance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Phases of Colonization<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colonisation can be broadly divided into two main phases \u2013 the Mercantile Phase and the Industrial Phase. These phases reflect the changing goals and methods of European powers as their economic and technological strength grew over time.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Mercantile Phase<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Mercantile Phase focused mainly on trade and profit, where European powers aimed to control global trade routes and earn maximum economic benefits.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main objective was to buy goods cheaply from colonies and sell them at higher prices in European markets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">European countries controlled sea routes and used naval power for trade dominance, often called \u201cgunboat diplomacy.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colonies were first established in regions like the Americas and Southeast Asia for trade purposes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Technological advancement was limited, so Europeans could only dominate weaker or less organized societies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Powerful states like India and China initially resisted European control due to strong political systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, during the Child&#8217;s War, the Mughal Empire successfully resisted the British East India Company.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade with Eastern countries like India and China remained important, and Europeans depended on their established systems.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Industrial Phase<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Industrial Phase began with the Industrial Revolution, which brought major technological and economic changes in Europe.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Industrial growth increased the demand for raw materials like cotton, rubber, and minerals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">European powers sought new markets to sell machine-made goods produced in factories.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advanced weapons and technology gave Europeans a strong advantage over African and Asian societies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Military force and political manipulation were used to gain control over territories.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Events like the Battle of Plassey helped Europeans establish political dominance in regions like India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traditional industries in colonies were destroyed to promote European manufactured goods.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colonies became suppliers of raw materials and consumers of finished goods under \u201cfree trade\u201d policies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colonial powers controlled economic systems, including trade and currency, leading to the drain of wealth from colonies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Scramble for Africa<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Scramble for Africa was the final stage of aggressive colonisation, where European powers rapidly divided Africa among themselves during the late 19th century.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It took place during the period of New Imperialism (1881\u20131914).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">European countries like Britain, France, and Germany competed for land, resources, and markets.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Technological progress, such as better maps and medical advances (like malaria treatment), allowed Europeans to move into Africa\u2019s interior.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instead of fighting each other, European nations decided to divide Africa through political agreements.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Berlin Conference formalized this division without consulting African people.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1870, less than 10% of Africa was under European control, but by 1914, it increased to nearly 90%.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Effects of Colonization in Africa<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colonization had a deep and long-lasting impact on Africa\u2019s political, economic, and social life. While a few developments were introduced, the overall impact was largely negative and continues to influence the continent even today.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Loss of political independence as African kingdoms and rulers were replaced by European authorities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exploitation of natural resources such as gold, diamonds, rubber, and minerals for the benefit of European industries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduction of new infrastructure like railways, roads, and ports, mainly built to transport raw materials to Europe.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Destruction of traditional economies and local industries, making African economies dependent on Europe.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Forced labor and harsh working conditions were imposed on Africans, especially in regions like the Congo Free State.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artificial boundaries were created without considering ethnic or cultural divisions, leading to long-term conflicts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spread of Western education, language, and religion, which changed African cultural identity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decline of indigenous traditions, customs, and local governance systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Growth of inequality and racial discrimination under colonial rule.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Drain of wealth from Africa to Europe, weakening local economies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Decolonization of Africa<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decolonization of Africa was the process through which African countries freed themselves from European colonial rule and became independent nations. It involved cultural awakening, political development, and economic restructuring to establish a new identity in the global system.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colonial rule was based on <\/span><b>racism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the idea of the <\/span><b>right to rule<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which had to be strongly challenged.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The false image of <\/span><b>benevolent rule<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>modernisation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was used to justify exploitation but was later exposed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indian National Congress promoted the <\/span><b>drain of wealth theory<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to challenge colonial claims of development.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Building <\/span><b>self-confidence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> among people was essential for achieving independence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Emphasis was placed on <\/span><b>cultural integration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>national identity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and a shared historical past.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Revival of historical pride, such as <\/span><b>ancient civilisations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, helped unite people against colonial rule.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, <\/span><b>tribal differences<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and social divisions created challenges in some African regions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Newly independent nations aimed to follow an <\/span><b>independent foreign policy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> without outside interference.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There was a need to build strong <\/span><b>political institutions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like constitutions and armies under civilian control.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Development of <\/span><b>democratic systems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> required aware citizens and capable leadership.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Former colonial powers continued influence through <\/span><b>biased trade policies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, known as <\/span><b>neo-colonialism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Control over <\/span><b>foreign investment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> allowed old powers to influence new governments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Technological superiority<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of developed countries was used to maintain dominance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strict <\/span><b>intellectual property systems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> helped protect their economic advantage.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Aftermath of Decolonization<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The period after decolonization in Africa was marked by mixed outcomes, as newly independent countries faced several political, economic, and social challenges. Different historical conditions led to varied results across the continent.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Political Challenges<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After independence, many African nations struggled to build stable political systems due to weak leadership and lack of democratic experience.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Military coups became common in countries like Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, and Congo due to weak democratic institutions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lack of strong political leadership and limited public participation weakened governance systems.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many countries failed to establish stable democratic institutions, leading to authoritarian rule.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Economic Challenges<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic instability became a major issue as many African nations remained dependent on limited resources.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overdependence on one or two export commodities created economic instability in countries like Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania, and Burundi.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Falling global prices of these commodities often led to economic crises.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extreme poverty remained widespread due to low levels of human development.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Corruption and mismanagement of resources further weakened economic growth.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Social and Governance Issues<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Social inequality and corruption became serious problems in many newly independent states.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Power often remained in the hands of a corrupt elite that exploited divisions within society.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Public movements played a role in challenging such leadership, as seen in the removal of leaders like Robert Mugabe and Jacob Zuma.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ethnic and tribal divisions continued to create internal conflicts in many regions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>External Influence and Conflicts<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even after independence, external powers continued to influence African countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/cold-war\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cold War<\/a><\/strong> rivalry and global power competition affected countries like Angola.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In some cases, global powers failed to intervene during crises, such as the Rwandan Genocide.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These situations highlighted the need for stronger regional cooperation and unity in Africa.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Neo-Colonialism and Resource Conflicts<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many African countries continued to face indirect control through economic and political influence.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Resource-rich countries became targets of neo-colonial exploitation and internal conflicts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sierra Leone experienced prolonged conflict over resources like diamonds and minerals.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Countries like China have been accused of adopting neo-colonial strategies in parts of Africa.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initiatives like the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor by India and Japan aim to provide alternative development partnerships.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Arab Spring and Political Unrest<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">North Africa witnessed major political movements during the early 21st century.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Arab Spring led to protests in countries like Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These movements aimed to establish democratic governance and end authoritarian rule.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, limited global support and internal conflicts led to mixed outcomes, including instability and violence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Colonization of Africa explains Scramble for Africa, Berlin Conference, European powers, causes, impacts, and decolonization shaping modern African history.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":97439,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[6834,5126,5127,5598],"class_list":{"0":"post-98122","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-colonization-of-africa","9":"tag-history","10":"tag-history-notes","11":"tag-world-history","12":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98122","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=98122"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98122\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":98124,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/98122\/revisions\/98124"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/97439"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=98122"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=98122"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=98122"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}