{"id":99882,"date":"2026-04-23T16:56:56","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T11:26:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/?p=99882"},"modified":"2026-04-23T19:56:35","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T14:26:35","slug":"coastal-plains-of-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/coastal-plains-of-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Coastal Plains of India, Map, Length, Western and Eastern Coast"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Coastal Plains of India are flat, low-lying lands that lie along the Arabian Sea in the west and the Bay of Bengal in the east. These plains are important for fishing, trade, and agriculture due to their fertile soil and access to the sea. They are divided into the Western Coastal Plains and Eastern Coastal Plains, each with distinct features. Overall, they play a vital role in India\u2019s economy, culture, and biodiversity.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>About Coastal Plains of India<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Coastal Plains of India are divided into two main parts: <\/span><b>the Western Coastal Plains and the Eastern Coastal Plains.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Western Coastal Plains<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lie along the <\/span><b>Arabian Sea, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">while the <\/span><b>Eastern Coastal Plains<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are along the <\/span><b>Bay of Bengal.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both coastal plains meet at the <\/span><b>southernmost tip of India, Kanyakumari.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These plains are located on either side of the Deccan Plateau and form a long stretch of low-lying land<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They extend for about <\/span><b>6,150 km, from the Rann of Kutch in the west to West Bengal in the east<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India\u2019s total coastline is about <\/span><b>7,516 km, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">including the mainland and island groups like Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar Islands<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These coastal plains are flat and low-lying areas formed due to ancient geological changes, including the <\/span><b>breaking of the Gondwana land.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The coastline of India is mostly <\/span><b>straight and regular in shape.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The coastal plains touch around <\/span><b>13 states and Union Territories of India.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both the Western and Eastern Coastal Plains are further divided into smaller regions based on their physical features. <\/span><b>The Coastal Plain of India Map has been attached below:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-99904\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/current-affairs-wp-uploads\/2026\/04\/image.webp\" alt=\"The Coastal Plain of India Map\" width=\"1280\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/current-affairs-wp-uploads\/2026\/04\/image.webp 1280w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/current-affairs-wp-uploads\/2026\/04\/image-768x461.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><b>Western and Eastern Coastal Plains<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comparison of Western and Eastern Coastal Plains has been discussed below:<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 79.6841%; height: 552px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\"><b>Western and Eastern Coastal Plains<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><b>Feature<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><b>Western Coastal Plains<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><b>Eastern Coastal Plains<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Width<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Narrower<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wider<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Location<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between Western Ghats &amp; Arabian Sea<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between Eastern Ghats &amp; Bay of Bengal<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Continuity<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Broken by hills and mountains<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More continuous from north to south<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">River Features<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Short rivers form <\/span><b>estuaries<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Large rivers form <\/span><b>wide deltas<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harbours<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Good natural harbours present<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fewer natural harbours<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rainfall<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mainly from <\/span><b>Southwest Monsoon<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From both <\/span><b>Southwest &amp; Northeast Monsoon<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coast Nature<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mostly <\/span><b>rocky<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with backwaters (Malabar coast)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mostly <\/span><b>sandy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with dunes &amp; lagoons<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Konkan &amp; Malabar coasts<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coromandel &amp; Northern Circar coasts<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>The Western Coastal Plains of India<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Western Coastal Plains of India stretch from the <\/span><b>Gulf of Khambhat in the north to Kanyakumari in the south.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These plains lie between the <\/span><b>Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> forming a narrow strip of land along the western edge of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From <\/span><b>north to south,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the coast is divided into three parts<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Konkan Coast<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Karnataka Coast (also called Kanara Coast)<\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Malabar Coast<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These coastal plains pass through states like <\/span><b>Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala.<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plains are relatively narrow, with an average width of about <\/span><b>50-65 km,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> though they become slightly wider in the northern and southern parts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many short rivers flow down from the Western Ghats and <\/span><b>deposit sediments (alluvium),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> helping in the formation of these plains.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The coastline is <\/span><b>irregular<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and dotted with coves, creeks, and estuaries, which create natural inlets and sheltered water bodies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Important <\/span><b>estuaries are formed by rivers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like the Narmada River and Tapi River.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Malabar Coast in Kerala is well known for its backwaters, lagoons, and lakes, with Vembanad Lake being the largest.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This coast is called a <\/span><b>submergent coastline,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> meaning parts of the land have sunk below sea level, creating ideal natural conditions for the development of harbours and ports.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Major ports like <\/span><b>Mumbai Port and Kochi Port<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are located along this coast.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The region has a <\/span><b>humid tropical climate with heavy rainfall,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> especially during the monsoon season, supporting rich vegetation and biodiversity. <\/span><b>The Western Coastal Plain of India Map has been attached below:<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-99893\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/current-affairs-wp-uploads\/2026\/04\/Western-Coastal-Plains-of-India.webp\" alt=\"The Western Coastal Plain of India Map\" width=\"1291\" height=\"1054\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/current-affairs-wp-uploads\/2026\/04\/Western-Coastal-Plains-of-India.webp 941w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/current-affairs-wp-uploads\/2026\/04\/Western-Coastal-Plains-of-India-768x627.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1291px) 100vw, 1291px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><b>Sub-Divisions of Western Coastal Plains<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on their physical features and geological structure, these can be further divided into the following subdivisions:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Kutch Peninsula<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Kutch Peninsula<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is located in the northwestern part of Gujarat and forms an important part of India\u2019s western coastal region<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the past, this region was actually an <\/span><b>island,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> surrounded by shallow seas and lagoons<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over time, sediments brought by the Indus River gradually filled these water bodies, connecting the island to the mainland.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, the region has a <\/span><b>dry and semi-arid climate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> due to very low rainfall and strong winds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The landscape is mostly <\/span><b>barren and sandy,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with features like sand dunes, flat plains, and scattered rocky hills.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The area shows clear signs of <\/span><b>wind action,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which shapes the land and creates desert-like conditions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Kutch region is bordered by two unique salt marsh areas known as the <\/span><b>Great Rann and the Little Rann.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Great Rann of Kutch<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> lies to the north and is a vast, flat, salt-covered plain that remains dry for most of the year.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the monsoon season, rivers like the Luni River and Banas River flood this area, turning it into a shallow wetland.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Little Rann of Kutch<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is located to the southeast and is considered an extension of the Great Rann.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This region is also ecologically important, as it supports wildlife like the Indian wild ass and several migratory birds.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Kathiawar Peninsula<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Kathiawar Peninsula<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is located to the south of the <\/span><b>Kutch Peninsula in Gujarat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and forms an important part of India\u2019s western coastal region.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is surrounded by the <\/span><b>Little Rann of Kutch<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the eastern side and the <\/span><b>Nal Basin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the northeast.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The central part of this peninsula is made up of elevated land known as the <\/span><b>Mandav Hills,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from where many small rivers and streams flow outward in different directions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This pattern of rivers flowing outwards from a central high point is called <\/span><b>radial drainage,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which is a key feature of this region.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>highest point <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here is the <\/span><b>Girnar Hills,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which rises to about 1,117 meters and is believed to be of volcanic origin.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The southern part of the peninsula is occupied by the <\/span><b>Gir Range,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which is covered with dense forests.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This region is world-famous as the only natural habitat of the <\/span><b>Asiatic lion, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">protected inside the <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gir-national-park\/\" target=\"_blank\">Gir National Park<\/a>.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Kathiawar Peninsula has a mix of hills, plateaus, and coastal plains, making its landscape quite diverse.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The climate here is mostly <\/span><b>dry to semi-arid,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> but the forested areas receive moderate rainfall.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Gujarat Plain<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Gujarat Plain<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is located to the east of the Kutch Peninsula and Kathiawar Peninsula, covering a large part of southern Gujarat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also extends along the coastal areas of the <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/gulf-of-khambhat\/\" target=\"_blank\">Gulf of Khambhat<\/a>.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This plain has been formed over time by the <\/span><b>deposition of sediments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> brought by major rivers like the <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/narmada-river-system\/\" target=\"_blank\">Narmada River<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/tapi-river\/\" target=\"_blank\">Tapi River<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/mahi-river\/\" target=\"_blank\">Mahi River<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/sabarmati-river\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sabarmati River<\/a>.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The land here is generally <\/span><b>low-lying,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and most areas are below 150 meters above sea level.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The slope of the plain is gentle and mostly towards the <\/span><b>west and southwest,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which helps rivers flow into the Arabian Sea.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Gujarat Plain can be divided into two main parts based on its features:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>eastern part<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is made up of rich alluvial soil, making it fertile and suitable for agriculture<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>coastal part<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is covered with wind-blown sand (loess), giving it a more dry and semi-arid character<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to its fertile soil, crops like cotton, groundnut, and wheat are commonly grown in the eastern region.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The coastal areas, though less fertile, are important for <\/span><b>salt production and trade activities.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This region also supports several towns and ports due to its proximity to the sea.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Konkan Plain<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Konkan Plain<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a part of the western coastal plains of India and lies to the south of the Gujarat Plain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It stretches from <\/span><b>Daman in the north to Goa in the south,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> covering a distance of about 500 km.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plain is relatively <\/span><b>narrow,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with its width ranging between 50 to 80 km.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It lies between the <\/span><b>Western Ghats<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the east and the <\/span><b>Arabian Sea<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the west.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The coastline here shows clear signs of <\/span><b>marine erosion,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which has shaped features like <\/span><b>cliffs, rocky shores, reefs, and small offshore islands.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Konkan coast is known for its <\/span><b>beautiful beaches, small bays, and natural inlets, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">making it an important tourist region.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Mumbai,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> one of India\u2019s major cities, is located in this region and was originally a group of islands that were later joined together through land reclamation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Thane Creek<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> near Mumbai forms a natural harbour, which has supported the growth of ports and trade.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several <\/span><b>short and fast-flowing rivers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> descend from the Western Ghats and drain into the Arabian Sea along this coast.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The region experiences <\/span><b>heavy rainfall during the monsoon,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> leading to lush green landscapes, especially in the ghats.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Karnataka Coastal Plain<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Karnataka Coastal Plain<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a part of the western coastal plains of India and lies to the south of the <\/span><b>Konkan Plain.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It stretches from <\/span><b>Goa to Mangaluru<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Mangalore) and is about 225 km long.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This plain is <\/span><b>very narrow,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with an average width of around <\/span><b>30-50 km,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> though it becomes slightly wider (up to about 70 km) near Mangaluru.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It lies between the <\/span><b>Western Ghats<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the east and the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/arabian-sea\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Arabian Sea<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on the west.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the central part, many <\/span><b>spurs (small ridges)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> extend from the Western Ghats towards the sea, making the plain even narrower in some areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several <\/span><b>short rivers and streams <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">originate in the Western Ghats and flow rapidly towards the sea due to steep slopes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These rivers often form <\/span><b>beautiful waterfalls<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> while descending from the hills.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A famous example is <\/span><b>Jog Falls,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> formed by the <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/sharavathi-river\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sharavati River<\/a>,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where water drops from a height of about 253 meters, making it one of the highest waterfalls in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The coastal area shows features shaped by the sea, such as <\/span><b>beaches, cliffs, and marine landforms.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The region receives <\/span><b>heavy rainfall during the monsoon,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> especially because of the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/western-ghats\/\" target=\"_blank\">Western Ghats<\/a><\/strong>, leading to dense vegetation and rich biodiversity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Important towns and ports like Mangaluru have developed here due to access to the sea and natural harbours.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Kerala Coastal Plain<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Kerala Coastal Plain,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> also called the <\/span><b>Malabar Plain, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is an important part of the western coastal plains of India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It extends from <\/span><b>Mangaluru in the north to Kanyakumari in the south,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> covering a distance of about 500 km.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Compared to the Karnataka coastal plain, this region is <\/span><b>wider and more extensive.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a <\/span><b>low-lying area,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> often close to sea level, which makes it rich in water bodies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most unique features of this plain is the presence of <\/span><b>backwaters, lagoons, lakes, and sandbars (spits).<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The backwaters of Kerala are locally known as <\/span><b>\u201ckayals\u201d,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which are shallow water channels running parallel to the coast.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These backwaters are formed due to the action of waves and rivers, creating a network of <\/span><b>calm waterways.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most important and largest backwater is <\/span><b>Vembanad Lake,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which is about 75 km long and 5-10 km wide.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/vembanad-lake\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Vembanad Lake<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is also a <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/ramsar-sites-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ramsar site<\/a>,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> highlighting its importance for biodiversity and wetland conservation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These backwaters are widely used for <\/span><b>transport, fishing, and tourism,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> especially houseboat tourism in Kerala.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The region receives <\/span><b>heavy rainfall during the monsoon,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> making it green, fertile, and rich in vegetation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coconut trees, paddy fields, and spices are commonly found here, supporting local agriculture.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>The Eastern Coastal Plains of India<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Eastern Coastal Plains of India lie between the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/eastern-ghats\/\" target=\"_blank\">Eastern Ghats<\/a><\/strong> and the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/bay-of-bengal\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bay of Bengal<\/a><\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These plains extend from the region near the <\/span><b>Subarnarekha River in the north<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (around the West Bengal-Odisha border) to <\/span><b>Kanyakumari in the south.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unlike the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats are not continuous, which allows rivers to flow easily and form wide plains.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Eastern Coastal Plains are generally wider<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> than the Western Coastal Plains, with an average width of about <\/span><b>100-120 km.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In delta regions, they can become <\/span><b>very wide (up to 200 km), <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">while in some places they narrow down to around 30-35 km.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These plains have been formed mainly by the <\/span><b>deposition of sediments (alluvium)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> brought by major rivers like the Mahanadi River, Godavari River, Krishna River, and Cauvery River.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to heavy deposition, these rivers form <\/span><b>large and fertile deltas, making the region very suitable for agriculture.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The coast is known as an <\/span><b>emergent coastline,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which means it has fewer natural harbours and is less suitable for port development compared to the western coast.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Important features of this coast include <\/span><b>lagoons and lakes like Chilika Lake and Pulicat Lake.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The climate is generally<\/span><b> hot and humid, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with temperatures often rising above 30\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This region receives rainfall from both the southwest monsoon and the northeast monsoon, making it well-watered.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plains are often divided into different sections such as the Mahanadi delta region, Godavari-Krishna delta region, Coromandel Coast, and the southern coastal plains.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to fertile soil and good water supply, crops like rice, sugarcane, and coconut are widely grown here. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Sub-Divisons of Eastern Coastal Plains<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Based on their physical features and landforms, the Eastern Coastal Plains can be further divided into the following subdivisions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Utkal Plain<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Utkal Plain is a part of the Eastern Coastal Plains<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and lies along the coast of Odisha.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It mainly includes the coastal areas of Odisha, especially the region formed by the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/mahanadi-river-system\/\" target=\"_blank\">Mahanadi River<\/a><\/strong> delta.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This plain has been formed by the <\/span><b>deposition of sediments<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> brought by rivers, making the soil very fertile and suitable for agriculture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most important features of this region is <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/chilika-lake\/\" target=\"_blank\">Chilika Lake<\/a>, which is the largest brackish water lagoon in India.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The size of Chilika Lake changes with seasons, becoming larger during the monsoon and smaller in winter.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This lake is also a Ramsar site and is famous for its rich biodiversity, especially migratory birds.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plain is mostly flat and low-lying, but in some areas, especially to the south of Chilika Lake, small low hills can be seen.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The region receives good rainfall and supports crops like rice, making it an important agricultural area.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Andhra Plain<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Andhra Plain<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a part of the Eastern Coastal Plains and lies to the south of the Utkal Plain, extending up to <\/span><b>Pulicat Lake.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It mainly covers the coastal region of <\/span><b>Andhra Pradesh.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most important feature of this plain is the formation of large <\/span><b>deltas by the <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/godavari-river-system\/\" target=\"_blank\">Godavari River<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/krishna-river-system\/\" target=\"_blank\">Krishna River<\/a>.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Over time, these two river deltas have merged together, forming a broad and fertile plain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Due to continuous deposition of sediments, the coastline in this region is gradually <\/span><b>moving forward into the sea.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This change can be seen in the case of <\/span><b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/kolleru-lake\/\" target=\"_blank\">Kolleru Lake<\/a>, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which was once near the coast but is now located further inland.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The coastline here is mostly <\/span><b>straight and smooth, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with very few natural inlets or bays.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because of this, the region lacks <\/span><b>natural harbours,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> making port development more difficult compared to the western coast.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, some important ports like Visakhapatnam Port and Machilipatnam Port have developed here.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pulicat Lake is partly separated from the sea by a long sandy strip called Sriharikota Island, which is also known for hosting a major space launch centre.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plain is very <\/span><b>fertile and agriculturally important,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> especially for crops like rice due to rich alluvial soil and water availability.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Tamil Nadu Plain<\/b><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Tamil Nadu Plain<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a part of the Eastern Coastal Plains and lies along the coast of Tamil Nadu.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It extends from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/pulicat-lake\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Pulicat Lake<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the north to <\/span><b>Kanyakumari<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the south, covering a distance of about 675 km.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plain has an <\/span><b>average width of around 100 km,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> though it becomes wider in some areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most important feature of this region is the <\/span><b>Cauvery Delta,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> formed by the Cauvery River.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the delta region, the plain becomes quite wide (around 130 km) and is extremely fertile due to rich alluvial soil.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because of fertile land and well-developed irrigation systems, this region is known as the <\/span><b>\u201cGranary of South India\u201d.<\/b><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crops like<\/span><b> rice, sugarcane, and pulses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are widely grown here, making it an important agricultural zone.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The coastline here is mostly <\/span><b>straight and smooth,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with fewer natural harbours.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The region receives rainfall mainly from the <\/span><b>northeast monsoon,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which is important for agriculture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Important cities like <\/span><b>Chennai<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are located along this coastal plain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fishing and coastal trade are also important economic activities in this region.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Coastal Plains of India Significance<\/b><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Coastal Plains of India<\/span><b> have fertile soil,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> making them ideal for agriculture, with rice as the main crop and coconut trees widely grown along the coast.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These regions have many <\/span><b>ports and harbours,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which support trade and connect India with other countries, making them important for transportation and the economy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coastal areas are rich in natural resources, including <\/span><b>mineral oil and natural gas in the Krishna-Godavari Basin,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>monazite sands in Kerala<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> used for nuclear energy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fishing and salt production are major occupations, especially in coastal regions like Gujarat.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coastal plains are also<\/span><b> important for tourism,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with attractions like the backwaters of Kerala and the beaches of Goa drawing many visitors.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Coastal Plains of India are flat lands along Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, important for agriculture, ports, fishing, trade and rich biodiversity ecosystems.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":99885,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[786],"tags":[7087,4935,5102],"class_list":{"0":"post-99882","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-general-studies","8":"tag-coastal-plains-of-india","9":"tag-geography","10":"tag-geography-notes","11":"no-featured-image-padding"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99882","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=99882"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99882\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":99947,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99882\/revisions\/99947"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/99885"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=99882"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=99882"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=99882"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}