What’s in Today’s Article?

• Type 5 Diabetes Latest News
• About Type 5 Diabetes
• Global Prevalence
• Markers of Type 5 Diabetes
• Treatment Approaches
• Type 5 Diabetes FAQs

Type 5 Diabetes Latest News

• Type 5 diabetes, a form of the disease affecting lean and undernourished young adults in low- and middle-income countries, has been officially recognised by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). 
• Often misdiagnosed and overlooked in research, this type is caused by malnutrition-induced reduced insulin production and has only recently gained formal acknowledgment after decades of neglect.

About Type 5 Diabetes

• Type 5 diabetes is a distinct form of diabetes that primarily affects lean and malnourished teenagers and young adults in low- and middle-income countries. 
• It is caused by malnutrition-induced abnormal functioning of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insufficient insulin production. 
• Unlike Type 2 diabetes, where the issue is insulin resistance, Type 5 involves impaired insulin secretion due to poor nutritional history.

Recognition and Endorsement

• The term ‘Type 5 diabetes’ was introduced and endorsed by Prof Peter Schwarz, president of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), in January 2025. 
• It received official recognition recently at the 75th World Congress for Diabetes held in Bangkok.

Historical Background

• Although newly named, Type 5 diabetes is not a new disease. It was first reported in Jamaica in 1955 as "J-type diabetes." 
• In 1985, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified it as “malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus,” but the category was removed in 1999 due to a lack of conclusive evidence linking it to malnutrition.

Global Prevalence

• This condition has been observed in several countries including India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Uganda, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Korea—mostly across the Global South. 
• It currently affects around 25 million people worldwide.

Recent Research and Renewed Focus

• Recent studies have shed light on how childhood and early adulthood malnutrition affects pancreatic development and insulin function. 
• This new evidence has been key in securing the disease's formal recognition as a separate type of diabetes.

Markers of Type 5 Diabetes

• It is a unique form of diabetes, observed in Asian Indians, has no evidence of autoimmune or genetic causes. 

Key Indicators Include

• Very low Body Mass Index (BMI): Less than 18.5 kg/m²
• Severely reduced insulin secretion: Much lower than in Type 2 diabetes, but slightly higher than in Type 1
• Low body fat: Significantly less than seen in Type 2 diabetes cases
• Poor nutritional intake: Especially low in proteins, fibre, and essential micronutrients

Underlying Cause: Malnutrition from the Womb

• The root of Type 5 diabetes lies in malnutrition, beginning as early as the fetal stage.
• Health experts explain that:
  • Undernourishment during pregnancy can impair fetal development and increase diabetes risk.
  • Historical factors like colonial hardships and food scarcity contributed to generational malnutrition.
  • If a child remains undernourished both before and after birth, without experiencing later weight gain, they are more prone to developing Type 5 diabetes, unlike those who develop Type 2 diabetes after postnatal overnutrition.

Treatment Approaches

• Since the disease has only recently been officially recognised, standard diagnostic and treatment guidelines are still under development.
• Preliminary suggestions include:
  • High-protein diet: To combat malnutrition and support insulin function
  • Balanced intake of carbs and fats: Tailored to BMI and physical activity for healthy weight gain
  • Medication: Anti-diabetic drugs or insulin may be prescribed based on individual glucose levels and response to therapy
• The Type 5 Diabetes Working Group aims to establish concrete protocols over the next two years, focusing on affected populations in low-resource settings.

Type 5 Diabetes FAQs

Q1. What is Type 5 diabetes?

Ans. Type 5 diabetes is a malnutrition-induced form affecting lean, young adults in low-income countries, leading to reduced insulin production.

Q2. What causes Type 5 diabetes?

Ans. Malnutrition, especially during fetal development, causes abnormal pancreatic beta cell function, leading to insufficient insulin production.

Q3. What are the markers of Type 5 diabetes?

Ans. Markers include low BMI, reduced insulin secretion, low body fat, and poor intake of proteins, fiber, and micronutrients.

Q4. How is Type 5 diabetes treated?

Ans. Treatment includes high-protein diets, balanced carbs and fats, and anti-diabetic medications or insulin based on glucose levels.

Q5. Where is Type 5 diabetes most prevalent?

Ans. It is common in countries like India, Sri Lanka, Uganda, and Bangladesh, primarily affecting populations in the Global South.

Source: IE | IE | ET

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Waqf Law Latest News
• Supreme Court’s Intervention in Waqf Law:
• Key Aspects Challenged in the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025
• Judicial Observations and Proposed Interim Relief
• Petitioners’ Concerns
• Government’s Stand
• Waqf Law FAQs

Waqf Law Latest News

• The Supreme Court has questioned certain provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.

Supreme Court’s Intervention in Waqf Law

• In a landmark development, the Supreme Court of India has taken a critical view of the recently enacted Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, as it heard over 100 petitions questioning its constitutional validity. 
• The Chief Justice of India, Sanjiv Khanna, along with Justices P.V. Sanjay Kumar and K.V. Viswanathan, raised concerns over three specific provisions that have potential to disrupt the long-standing waqf structure in India.

Key Aspects Challenged in the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025

• The apex court flagged three significant elements in the amended legislation:
  • Waqf-by-user Denotification:
    • The 2025 Act eliminates the legal recognition of waqf-by-user properties, those in use for religious or charitable purposes for centuries but not formally registered. 
    • Petitioners argued that this change could instantly erase the legal existence of nearly 4 lakh out of 8 lakh waqf properties.
  • Non-Muslims in Waqf Bodies:
    • The Act allows non-Muslims to serve as ex-officio members of the Central Waqf Council and State Waqf Boards. 
    • The court expressed concerns about this move, questioning whether religious institutions can be governed by individuals from outside the faith.
  • Collector’s Determination of Property Status:
    • The amended law permits District Collectors to determine if a property is waqf or government land. 
    • The court warned that allowing a government officer to act as a judge in such matters could violate due process and raise issues of conflict of interest.

Judicial Observations and Proposed Interim Relief

• CJI Khanna emphasized that the court normally does not stay legislative enactments unless the situation is exceptional. 
• However, he observed that this case qualifies as an exception due to the wide-ranging implications of the amendments.
• In an effort to balance equities, the Chief Justice proposed a three-point interim order:
  • Properties already judicially declared as waqf, including waqf-by-user, should not be denotified for the time being.
  • While the government officer may investigate the nature of land ownership, the status of such properties should not be changed until judicial review is complete.
  • Appointment of non-Muslims to waqf bodies may continue, provided a majority of members remain Muslims.
• No formal order was passed as Solicitor General Tushar Mehta sought more time for the government to present its arguments. The matter has been posted for further hearing.

Petitioners’ Concerns

• Petitioners argued that the new provisions violate Article 26 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right of religious denominations to manage their own affairs.
  • On Waqf-by-user:
    • Petitioners noted that the concept has been recognized in the Ayodhya judgment, and its sudden removal would result in mass dispossession of properties traditionally maintained by the Muslim community.
  • On Religious Autonomy:
    • Petitioners highlighted that forcing a Muslim donor to “prove” religious practice before dedicating a waqf is a parliamentary overreach into religious autonomy.
  • On Historical Continuity:
    • Justice Khanna pointed out the historical fact that many mosques and waqf properties predate British rule and land registration systems. 
    • Therefore, requiring registered deeds from centuries ago is unreasonable.

Government’s Stand

• Solicitor General Tushar Mehta defended the law, stating that:
  • Registration of all waqfs, including waqf-by-user, has been mandatory since the 1923 Act.
  • Non-Muslim inclusion in waqf bodies is limited to two ex-officio positions out of 22.
  • The Collector’s power is procedural and temporary until judicial confirmation.
• However, the bench remained unconvinced on several points, especially concerning the impact on religious rights and property access.

Waqf Law FAQs

Q1. What is waqf-by-user?

Ans. Waqf-by-user refers to land used for religious or charitable Islamic purposes for a long period without formal registration.

Q2. What change did the 2025 Waqf Act introduce regarding waqf-by-user?

Ans. The Act derecognized waqf-by-user, meaning such properties are no longer legally considered waqf unless registered.

Q3. Why is the Collector’s role controversial in the new Act?

Ans. The Collector can now determine whether land is waqf or government property, raising concerns of executive overreach.

Q4. What is the issue with non-Muslims on waqf boards?

Ans. The inclusion of non-Muslims as members of Waqf Boards has sparked debate on religious autonomy and secularism.

Q5. Has the Supreme Court stayed the new waqf law?

Ans. No stay has been issued yet; the matter is under judicial review, and the next hearing is awaited.

Source: TH | IE

What’s in Today’s Article?

• India Trade Deficit Latest News
• Overall Trade Snapshot (FY25)
• India–US Trade Registers Strong Growth in FY25
• China Remains India’s Second-Largest Trading Partner
• Conclusion
• India Trade Deficit FAQs

India Trade Deficit Latest News

• In 2024–25, the US remained India’s largest trading partner for the fourth consecutive year, with bilateral trade reaching $131.84 billion. China retained its position as the second-largest partner, with trade growing to $127.7 billion.
• However, India’s trade deficit with China widened significantly to $99.2 billion, a 17% increase from the previous year. 
• Historically, China was India’s top trading partner between 2013–14 and 2017–18, and again in 2020–21. The US has held the top spot since 2021–22.
   

Overall Trade Snapshot (FY25)

• Goods exports remained flat at $437.42 billion (vs $437.07 billion in FY24).
• Imports rose by 7% to a record $915.19 billion.
• Services exports grew 12.45% to $383.51 billion, maintaining a healthy surplus with imports at $195.95 billion.

Sector-Wise Performance

• Coffee exports surged 40% to a record $1.8 billion, driven by global shortages and high prices.
• Electronic goods exports jumped 32% to $38 billion, boosted by iPhone manufacturing in India.
• Drugs, pharmaceuticals, fruits & vegetables, cereal preparations saw 5–10% growth.
• Exports of gems & jewellery, handicrafts, chemicals declined by 2–10%.
• Engineering goods exports grew 6.74% overall, but dipped 4% in March.

Challenges Ahead for Engineering Exports

• US tariffs on iron & steel and auto components may reduce annual engineering exports by $4–5 billion.
• Increasing competition from Chinese exporters in global markets like Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East may erode profit margins for Indian firms.

India–US Trade Registers Strong Growth in FY25

• India’s exports to the US rose by 11.6%, reaching $86.51 billion in 2024–25 (up from $77.52 billion in FY24).
• Imports from the US increased by 7.44% to $45.33 billion (up from $42.2 billion).
• Resulting trade surplus for India stood at $41.18 billion, an increase from $35.32 billion in the previous year.

Top Indian Exports to the US in 2024–25

• Drug formulations & biologicals – $8.1 billion
• Telecom instruments – $6.5 billion
• Precious & semi-precious stones – $5.3 billion
• Petroleum products – $4.1 billion
• Gold & precious metal jewellery – $3.2 billion
• Readymade garments (mostly cotton) – $2.8 billion
• Iron & steel products – $2.7 billion

Major US Exports to India in 2024–25

• Crude oil – $4.5 billion
• Petroleum products – $3.6 billion
• Coal & coke – $3.4 billion
• Cut & polished diamonds – $2.6 billion
• Electric machinery – $1.4 billion
• Aircraft, spacecraft & parts – $1.3 billion
• Gold – $1.3 billion

Future Outlook: Targeting $500 Billion by 2030

• India and the US are negotiating a trade agreement aimed at boosting bilateral trade.
• The shared goal: increase total trade to $500 billion by 2030, up from the current $191 billion.

China Remains India’s Second-Largest Trading Partner

• In 2024–25, India–China bilateral trade rose to $127.7 billion, up from $118.4 billion in 2023–24.
• China continues as India’s second-largest trading partner, after the US.

Trade Deficit with China Widens Sharply

• India’s exports to China fell by 14.5%, dropping to $14.25 billion (from $16.66 billion).
• Imports from China surged by 11.52% to $113.45 billion (from $101.73 billion).
• This caused India’s trade deficit with China to widen by 17%, reaching $99.2 billion, up from $85.07 billion in the previous year.

Historical Trade Dynamics

• China was India’s top trading partner from 2013–14 to 2017–18 and again in 2020–21.
• Prior to China, the UAE held the top spot.

Analysis

• Experts noted that India’s growing trade deficit with China reflects structural dependency, not just trade imbalance.
• They termed it a "competitiveness crisis", as exports to China have fallen below FY14 levels despite a weaker rupee.

Conclusion

India’s trade landscape is undergoing a steady transformation, marked by deepening economic ties with the US and persistent trade challenges with China. 

While the US has emerged as India’s largest trading partner, offering significant export growth and a widening trade surplus, China continues to dominate as a key supplier, leading to a growing trade deficit. 

As India seeks to bolster its global economic standing, strategic partnerships with nations like the US and UAE are becoming more crucial. 

India Trade Deficit FAQs

Q1. What is India’s trade deficit with China in FY25?

Ans. India’s trade deficit with China reached $99.2 billion in FY25, a 17% increase from the previous year.

Q2. Which country is India’s largest trading partner?

Ans. The US has been India’s largest trading partner for the fourth consecutive year, with $131.84 billion in trade.

Q3. How did India’s exports to the US perform in FY25?

Ans. India’s exports to the US increased by 11.6%, reaching $86.51 billion in FY25.

Q4. What are India’s top exports to the US?

Ans. Top exports include drug formulations, telecom instruments, precious stones, and petroleum products.

Q5. Why is India’s trade deficit with China increasing?

Ans. The trade deficit with China is widening due to a decrease in exports and an increase in imports.

Source: IE | TH | BS