{"id":10307,"date":"2025-10-15T09:13:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-15T03:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=10307"},"modified":"2025-10-17T10:59:21","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T05:29:21","slug":"indo-islamic-architecture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indo-islamic-architecture\/","title":{"rendered":"Indo Islamic Architecture, Evolution, Features, Style, Types"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indo Islamic architecture, also called Indo-Saracenic architecture,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> gained prominence with the Ghurid occupation of India in the late 12th century. It<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> represents a unique fusion of Indian and Islamic design elements. This style emerged during the medieval period and evolved under the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal rule. Its notable features include arches, domes, calligraphy, intricate geometric patterns, and the famous Charbagh garden layout.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This style blends Persian, Turkish, Afghan, and indigenous Indian architectural traditions, creating a unique and distinct design that shaped India's architectural heritage.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indo Islamic Architecture Evolution<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indo Islamic architecture emerged during the medieval period, blending Indian and Islamic design elements. It began to take shape after the Arab conquest of Sind in 712 AD and gained prominence with the Ghurid occupation of India in the late 12th century. The new rulers introduced features like calligraphy, inlay work, geometric designs, domes, and trabeation, influenced by Sassanian and Byzantine styles.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite strong Persian influences, Indian architects preserved traditional elements, creating a unique fusion of both cultures. This synthesis of Persian and Indian aesthetics is evident in mosques, tombs, and forts, and is referred to as Indo Islamic or Indo Saracenic architecture.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indo Islamic Architecture Features<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Indo Islamic architecture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> introduced the Arcuate style with arches and domes, minarets, and intricate geometric designs like Arabesque and jaali work. It emphasized spaciousness, decorative calligraphy, and features like water pools and the Charbagh garden layout, blending artistry and symmetry.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Arcuate Style:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Introduction of arches and domes in place of the traditional Trabeate style, giving prominence to the 'Arcuate' form.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Minars: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Islamic rulers introduced minarets surrounding mosques and mausoleums.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mortar Use:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Mortar became a primary cementing agent in Indo-Islamic constructions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Figurative Avoidance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Prohibition of human and animal figures in architectural design.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Spacious Design:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Shift from congested Hindu structures to more spacious and massive forms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Calligraphy Decoration:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Use of calligraphy for decoration instead of traditional sculptures.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Arabesque techniques:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Geometrical vegetal patterns featuring continuous split stems used for decoration.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-10344\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Arabesque-Design.png\" alt=\"Arabesque Design\" width=\"488\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Arabesque-Design.png 854w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Arabesque-Design-768x513.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Geometric Principles:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Extensive use of geometry for symmetry and decorative patterns.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Jaali Work:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Intricate latticework signifying the importance of light in Islamic architecture.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-10347\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Jaali-work.png\" alt=\"Jaali work\" width=\"514\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Jaali-work.png 1024w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Jaali-work-768x727.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 514px) 100vw, 514px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Water Features:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Courtyard pools, fountains, and small drains are used for religious, cooling, and decorative purposes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Charbagh Style:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Introduction of the Charbagh garden, dividing square gardens into four identical parts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10349\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Charbagh-Style.png\" alt=\"Charbagh Style\" width=\"341\" height=\"346\" \/><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Pietra-Dura Technique: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Decorative inlay using precious stones and gems into the walls for decoration.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-10346\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Pietra-Dura-Technique.png\" alt=\"Pietra-Dura Technique\" width=\"524\" height=\"332\" \/><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Foreshortening Technique:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Where inscriptions appear closer than they actually are.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indo Islamic Architecture Styles<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indo Islamic architecture can be categorized into different styles developed at different places and times in India. These include the Imperial Style (Delhi Sultanate), the Provincial Style (Mandu, Gujarat, Bengal, and Jaunpur), the Mughal Style (Delhi, Agra, and Lahore), and the Deccani Style (Bijapur, Golconda).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Imperial Style (Delhi Sultanate)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beginning with the last years of the twelfth century, the Delhi or Imperial style of architecture continued for nearly four centuries. It was the time when five Muslim dynasties ruled in Delhi. Each dynasty contributed significantly towards the development of Indo-Persian architecture in India.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/slave-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Slave Dynasty<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0 (1191-1290 C.E.): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The style of architecture came to be known as the Mameluke style of architecture.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Examples:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Qutub Minar, Arhai-din-ka-Jhopra in Ajmer.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/khilji-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Khilji\u00a0 Dynasty<\/b><\/a><b> (1290-1320 C.E.): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The constructions of this period were marked by the use of red sandstone. Also, the prominence of the Arcuade style began during this period. Mortar began to be used prominently in all the constructions as a cementing agent.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Examples:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Alai Darwaza by Ala-ud-din Khilji, Siri Fort.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-10348\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Qutub-Minar-and-Alai-DarwajaThe-Imperial-style.png\" alt=\"Qutub Minar and Alai Darwaja(The Imperial style)\" width=\"544\" height=\"376\" \/><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/the-tughlaq-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Tughlaq Dynasty<\/b><\/a><b> (1320- 1413 C.E.):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> During the Delhi Sultanate era, architecture was going through a crisis. Grey sandstone was still employed in some construction projects, though. At this time, the emphasis was less focus on ornamentation and more on the building's strength.\u00a0 In order to strengthen the building, they also created a construction method called \"batter,\" which was characterized by sloping walls.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Examples: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cities of Tughlaqabaad, Jahanpanah and Ferozabad.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/the-sayyid-and-lodi-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Sayyid Dynasty <\/b><\/a><b>(1414\u20131451 C.E.):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The architectural contributions were modest due to political instability and a lack of resources. These tombs were simple, reflecting the limited ambitions of the dynasty's rulers during this time.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Examples: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Their most notable constructions were tombs, such as those of Mubarak Shah and Muhammad Shah, which followed the octagonal design.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Lodhi Dynasty (1451\u20131526 C.E.):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> An important feature of architecture during this period was the introduction of double domes. It consisted of a hollow dome inside the top dome. The reasons for the use of double domes were: to give strength to the structure and to lower the inner height of the dome.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Examples: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lodi Gardens, the city of Agra<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Provincial Styles<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the decline and disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate, new independent provincial kingdoms rose, where art and literature were liberally patronized. These provinces developed architectural modes of their own. The Provincial architecture can be classified into several groups:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Punjab and Sindh: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fusion of Islamic elements with regional traditions using sandstone, intricate carvings, and tomb structures emphasizing Islamic ideals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Examples: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two early mosques in Multan (by Muhammad bin Qasim and Karmathians), were built on the ruins of a Sun temple.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Kashmir: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The establishment of Muslim rule in Kashmir led to a fusion of traditional Kashmiri architecture with Islamic elements. The structures, typically square, were built using wood, brick, and stone. Unlike typical Islamic designs, these buildings lacked cloisters and domes, instead featuring multi-tiered sloping roofs and tall spires.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Examples:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Tomb of Madin Sahib, Jami Masjid at Srinagar, and the mosque of Shah Hamdan.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Jaunpur: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under the patronage of the Sharqi rulers, Jaunpur emerged as a hub of art and cultural development, giving rise to the distinct Sharqi style of architecture. Like the Pathan style, it notably avoided the use of minarets.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A unique aspect of these buildings was the bold, prominent inscriptions displayed on large screens in the central and side bays of the prayer halls..<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Examples<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Atala Masjid, Jahangiri Masjid, Jami Masjid, Lal Darwaja mosque.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Bengal: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Characterised by its use of bricks and black marble. The mosques built during this period continued the use of sloping \u2018Bangla roofs\u2019, which were previously used for temples.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Examples<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Adina Mosque, Eklakhi Mausoleum, and Chhoti Sona Masjid blend Hindu and Muslim architectural features.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Malwa: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Also called the Pathan School, is known for its use of colourful stones, large European-influenced windows, and stylized arches and pillars. Its designs emphasized environmental adaptation with features like well-ventilated rooms, light arches for cooling, and artificial reservoirs for water storage, using locally available materials.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Examples: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rani Roopmati Pavilion,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mandu Fort and Mosques, Kamal Maula Mosque, and Jahaj Mahal.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Deccan: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adaptation of Indo-Islamic styles with regional stonework and domes, creating monumental and innovative structures.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Examples: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jami Masjid at Gulbarga, Chand Minar at Daulatabad, Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur, Char Minar.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mughal Style<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/the-mughal-art-and-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mughal art and architecture<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> represent a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim elements, marked by grandeur and symmetry. Significant works include Humayun's Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, and the Taj Mahal, showcasing innovations in design and material use like red sandstone, white marble, and intricate mosaics.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other key structures include the Agra Fort and Itimad-ud-Daulah's Tomb, which reflect the evolution of Indo-Persian architectural styles.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Late Mughal architecture, like the Imam Baras and Safdar Jung\u2019s tomb, shows signs of decline but retains some of its earlier vitality.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deccani Style<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the architecture of the Deccan Plateau, a regional variant of Indo-Islamic architecture. It includes the architecture of the <\/span><b>Bahmani <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/deccan-sultanates\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Deccan Sultanates<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. These were not only inspired by styles from the Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal architecture but also from Persia and Central Asia on occasion.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indo Islamic Architecture Types<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To meet the religious and secular needs several buildings like Forts, palaces, mosques, Jama Masjids, tombs, dargahs, minars, hammams, gardens, madrasas, sarais, etc. were constructed.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Forts<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Forts were a significant feature in medieval times, symbolizing the seat of power and sovereignty. When a fort was captured, the defeated ruler lost their dominion. Built at strategic heights, forts provided a vantage point for security and projected the ruler's power.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chittor Fort, Gwalior Fort, Daulatabad (Devgiri) Fort, and Golconda Fort are strong, complex examples, demonstrating architectural grandeur and strategic planning.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-12136\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/The-fort-of-Chittorgarh-1.webp\" alt=\"The fort of Chittorgarh\" width=\"525\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/The-fort-of-Chittorgarh-1.webp 1399w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/The-fort-of-Chittorgarh-1-768x464.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tombs<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The graves of rulers and royalty in medieval India were elaborate structures, reflecting a belief in eternal paradise as a reward. This belief influenced the paradisiacal imagery used in tomb construction, such as inscribing Quranic verses on walls, situating the tombs near gardens, and incorporating bodies of water.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Humayun\u2019s Tomb<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>Taj Mahal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, both designed in the charbagh style, are prime examples of tombs following these paradisiacal elements.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-10350\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/The-Tomb-of-Itimad-ud-Daulah.png\" alt=\"The Tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah\" width=\"560\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/The-Tomb-of-Itimad-ud-Daulah.png 800w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/The-Tomb-of-Itimad-ud-Daulah-768x514.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Minarets\/Minars<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The use of the minar was for the call to prayer (Azaan). Its height symbolised the might of the ruler. Example, the <\/span><b>Qutub Minar <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in Delhi, and the <\/span><b>Chand Minar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at Daulatabad Fort.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indo Islamic Architecture Legacy<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indo-Islamic architecture left a lasting legacy on Indian and world architecture. It influenced the development of both Mughal and Rajput architecture, blending elements of local traditions with Islamic architectural principles. The fusion led to the development of unique architectural forms, such as the Mughal gardens, monumental gateways, and intricate marble inlay work. Many buildings constructed during this period continue to be cultural landmarks today.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indo Islamic Architecture UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Q1. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following statements:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">White marble was used in making Buland Darwaza and Khankah at Fatehpur Sikri.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Red Sandstone and marble were used in making Bara Imambara and Rumi Darwaza in Lucknow.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of the following statements given above is\/are correct? <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2018)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (d)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 200px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 100%;text-align: center;height: 25px\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indus-valley-civilization-art-and-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Art and Architecture of IVC<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gupta-art-and-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Gupta Art and Architecture<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/mauryan-art-and-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Mauryan Art and Architecture<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/pallava-art-and-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Pallava Art and Architecture<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gandhara-school-of-art\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Gandhara School of Art<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/imperial-cholas-art-architecture-and-literature\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Imperial Cholas<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/mathura-school-of-art\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Mathura School of Art<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indo-islamic-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Indo Islamic Architecture<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/amaravati-school-of-art\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Amaravati School of Art<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/delhi-sultanate-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Delhi Sultanate Architecture<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/stupas\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Stupas<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/the-mughal-art-and-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>The Mughal Art and Architecture<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 100%;text-align: center;height: 25px\" colspan=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/jain-art-and-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Jain Art and Architecture<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Indo-Islamic architecture, evolving from the 8th\u201318th centuries, blends Indian and Islamic styles. Key features include arches, domes, minarets, Charbagh gardens, regional styles, and iconic forts, tombs, and mosques across India.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":10332,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,38],"tags":[1089,1091,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-10307","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-art-culture-notes","8":"category-upsc-notes","9":"tag-art-and-culture-upsc-notes","10":"tag-indo-islamic-architecture","11":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10307"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10307\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19687,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10307\/revisions\/19687"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10332"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10307"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}