

{"id":10361,"date":"2025-10-01T13:50:12","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T08:20:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=10361"},"modified":"2025-10-03T17:21:10","modified_gmt":"2025-10-03T11:51:10","slug":"hindu-mahasabha","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/hindu-mahasabha\/","title":{"rendered":"Hindu Mahasabha, History, Founder, Objectives, Policy, Leaders"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha, also known as <\/span><b>Akhil Bhartiya Hindu Mahasabha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, is a political organization founded in 1907 to protect Hindu interests and establish Hindu Rashtra based on the Hindu majority line. It expanded to the <\/span><b>All India Level in 1915<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Hindu Sabhas emerged across India, including Punjab, United Province, Bihar, and Bombay presidency, but only after 1909's Morley-Minto reform introduced separate Muslim electorates, did Hindu leaders unite and form an all-India organization.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasbha leaders like <\/span><b>Madan Mohan Malviya<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Lala Lajpat Rai, and V.D Savarkar played significant roles in shaping the ideology of Hindu Rashtra. Many policies and objectives of the organization varied from the secular approach of the Indian National Congress to the ideas of non-violence of Mahatma Gandhi.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">About Hindu Mahasabha\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha is a political organization formed in 1907 and expanded to the All India Level in 1915 by eminent leaders like Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya. It works to safeguard Hindu interests and construct a Hindu Rashtra based on a homogeneous culture and explicit acknowledgement of Hinduism as the core of India's national identity. The Hindu Mahasabha was formed in response to the rising influence of the Muslim League. Hindu Mahasabha also opposed the policies of the British government, which were against Hindus.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha History<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha\u2019s origin lies in the early nationalist movements of colonial India, particularly in response to the demands of Muslim League for separate electorates. The original precursor to the Hindu Mahasabha was the Hindu Sabha Movement of Punjab. In 1915, during the Kumbh Mela at Haridwar, the Sarvadeshak (All India) Hindu Sabha was formed, pledged to represent the Hindu communities. In April 1921, it was renamed Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10405\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/04\/Hindu-Mahasabha-Symbol.webp\" alt=\"Hindu Mahasabha Symbol\" width=\"270\" height=\"312\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha Objectives<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha\u2019s objectives can be outlined in the goals mentioned during the formation of the Mahasabha in 1915 at Haridwar. The main objectives were Hindu solidarity, promoting education among members of the Hindu community, and improving the conditions of all classes of the Hindu community.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Shuddhi Movement: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shuddhi movement, was to reconvert Hindus who had adopted Islam or Christianity back to Hinduism.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Creation of Hindu Rashtra:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> To establish a Hindu Rashtra based on Hindu majority rule.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Nagari and Cow Protection:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hindu Mahasabha also adopted Nagari (Devnagari Script) and cow protection movements.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It became a symbol of Hindu identity, with Nagari as the symbol of the Hindu nation and the Cow as the sacred symbol.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha Policy<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha is a non-secular party, established for safeguarding the issues of Hindus. The major goals of Hindu Mahasabha include Hindu Political unity, more representation of Hindus, separate electorates, etc. The goals are discussed in detail below:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Hindu Political Unity:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hindu Mahasabha policies were mainly focused on Hindu Political unity. It opposed the idea of India being a nation that accommodates all religions. It challenged the Congress's goal of a secular country.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Opposed Hindu-Muslim Unification:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hindu Mahasabha also opposed Mahatma Gandhi\u2019s approach to Hindu-Muslim unification. Hindu Mahasabha wanted more representation to be given to Hindus over minorities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Against Combined Electorates:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hindu Mahasabha opposed combined electorates and advocated for separate electorates for different religious groups.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Resisted British Policies:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hindu Mahasabha viewed British-sponsored schemes such as banning child marriage and abolition of untouchability as detrimental to Hindu traditions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Views on <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/world-war-2\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>World War II<\/b><\/a><b>:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hindu Mahasabha saw the war as an opportunity to militarize Hindu youth and secure the nation's freedom. They advocated for the enlistment of young Hindu men into the army, gaining military training and experience.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Supported Princely States:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hindu Mahasabha, unlike the Congress, viewed Hindu Maharajas as \"patriotic Indians\" who would support India's freedom, Hindu causes, and post-freedom reconstruction, advocating for Maharajas' independence and proposing a constitutional monarchy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha and Mahatma Gandhi\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/mahatma-gandhi-movements\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Mahatma Gandhi'<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">s relationship with the Hindu Mahasabha was complex and characterized by ideological differences. While both Gandhi and the Hindu Mahasabha were concerned with the welfare of Hindus, their approaches to achieving this goal were quite different.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ideological Conflicts:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Mahatma Gandhi and Hindu Mahasabha have ideological conflicts based on the methods of achieving independence. Mahatma Gandhi's policy of Ahimsa (non-violence) was against the revolutionary nationalism and violence of Hindu Mahasabha.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Views on Secularism:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Gandhi wanted a secular nation where Hindus and Muslims should live in harmony. Whereas Hindu Mahasabha advocated for a Hindu Rashtra and believed violence was necessary for freedom.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite these differences, Gandhi did attempt to reach out to Hindu nationalists in the early years. He sought to unite Hindus in the struggle for independence and occasionally spoke of the importance of preserving Hindu culture.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, the differences between Gandhi\u2019s vision of an inclusive, pluralistic society and the Mahasabha\u2019s vision of a Hindu nationalist state were irreconcilable.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thus, Gandhi's relationship with the Hindu Mahasabha became more distant and antagonistic after the assassination of Gandhi by Nathuram Godse in 1948, a former member of the Hindu Mahasabha.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha and Congress\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha initially functioned as a socio-cultural organization, acting as a pressure group within the <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/foundation-of-indian-national-congress\/\" target=\"_blank\">Indian National Congress<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Their common leaders included Lala Lajpat Rai, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Gauri Shankar Mishra, and Sampoornanand. Congress had an informal link with Hindu Mahsabha till 1930.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 1938, Congress blacklisted Hindu Mahasabha as a communal party. After this, Mahasabha became a full-fledged political party under the leadership of V.D Sawarkar. He advocated for Hindu Rashtra with Hindu dominance, which was against the secular ideology of Congres.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha Important Leaders\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha, which advocated for Hindu Rashtra based on Hindu cultural dominance, had pioneering leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, Lala Lajpat Rai, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar,\u00a0 B.S Moonje, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/madan-mohan-malaviya\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Madan Mohan Malviya<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: He was one of the founding members of the Hindu Mahasabha. He focused on Hindu unity and the promotion of education. He established Banaras Hindu University.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/lala-lajpat-rai\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Lala Lajpat Rai<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: He supported the cause of Hindu nationalism. He became Congress president in 1920 and spread the ideas of the Mahasabha within the larger Congress framework.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Balakrishna Shivram Moonje<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: He was the president of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1927. He advocated for military training of the sons of the soil. He established Bhonsala Military School in Nashik. He was instrumental in shaping Mahsabha\u2019s defence policies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Vinayak Damodar Savarkar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: V.D Savarkar became president of Hindu Mahasabha in 1937. His leadership marked a shift towards more radical Hindu Nationalism and the establishment of Hindu Rashtra. He also opposed Mahatma Gandhi\u2019s non-violence policy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Shyama Prasad Mukherjee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Shyama Prasad Mukherjee became president of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1940, advocating for complete independence, and later served as Industry and Supply Minister in <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/jawaharlal-nehru\/\" target=\"_blank\">Nehru\u2019s <\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">cabinet in 1950, however, he resigned due to differences.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha Decline<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha's involvement in the freedom struggle has been controversial, as it did not fully support <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/british-rule-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">British rule<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and did not offer its full support to the nationalist movement, either abstaining from participating in the <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/civil-disobedience-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\">Civil Disobedience movement<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of 1930 and the <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/quit-india-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\">Quit India movement<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of 1942.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Mahasabha's association with Gandhi's assassination led to criticism of Savarkar, Godse, and other members, contributing to the organization's marginalization, despite its active presence across the country.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, their advocacy for Hindu causes and interests, which focused on perceived injustices against Hindus, raised awareness and prompted other parties to address Hindu welfare.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu Mahasabha UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Q.1<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In 1920, which of the following changed its name to \u201cSwarajya Sabha\u201d?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>(UPSC Prelims 2018)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) All India Home Rule League\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Hindu Mahasabha\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) South Indian Liberal Federation\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) The Servants of India Society<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans. (a)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 60px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/swadeshi-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Swadeshi movement<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/muslim-league\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Muslim League<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 10px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 10px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/partition-of-bengal-1905\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Partition of Bengal<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 10px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/hindu-mahasabha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Hindu Mahasabha<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hindu Mahasabha, formed in 1907 and expanded in 1915, aimed to protect Hindu interests, establish Hindu Rashtra, led by Savarkar, Malviya, and others. It opposed secularism, Congress policies, and supported Hindu unity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":10331,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,38],"tags":[1101,40,1100],"class_list":{"0":"post-10361","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-modern-history-notes","8":"category-upsc-notes","9":"tag-hindu-mahasabha","10":"tag-quest","11":"tag-upsc-modern-notes"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10361","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10361"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10361\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19137,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10361\/revisions\/19137"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10331"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10361"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10361"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10361"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}