{"id":10485,"date":"2026-09-15T12:20:11","date_gmt":"2026-09-15T06:50:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=10485"},"modified":"2026-09-15T12:47:07","modified_gmt":"2026-09-15T07:17:07","slug":"ghadar-party","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ghadar-party\/","title":{"rendered":"Ghadar Party 1913, Ghadar Movement, Founder, Members, Objectives"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The Ghadar Party was principally founded by <span role=\"button\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjz6J6Eg_CWAxV1zzgGHb1pLPsQ3egRegoIAggACAAIAxAE\" data-copy-service-computed-style=\"font-family: &quot;Google Sans&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(238, 240, 255);\">Lala Har Dayal<\/span> and <span role=\"button\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjz6J6Eg_CWAxV1zzgGHb1pLPsQ3egRegoIAggACAAIAxAF\" data-copy-service-computed-style=\"font-family: &quot;Google Sans&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 0px rgb(238, 240, 255);\">Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna<\/span> in 1913.<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It aimed to overthrow British rule in India and establish an independent nation. With prominent leaders like Lala Har Dayal and Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna, the movement advocated nationalist ideals through its weekly newspaper <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, spreading anti-colonial sentiments and promoting equality and secularism.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Ghadar movement undertook revolutionary activities, including attempts to incite mutiny during World War I and the Komagata Maru incident. However, the movement faced challenges such as overestimating mass support, underestimating British strength, and lacking proper coordination, leading to its eventual downfall.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-10517\" src=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Flag-of-Ghadar-Party.webp\" alt=\"Flag of Ghadar Party\" width=\"232\" height=\"195\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadhar Party 1913 Background\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Ghadar Party originated among<\/span><b> Punjabi immigrants<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, primarily Sikh farmers and labourers, who migrated to the US and Canada in the early 1900s seeking economic opportunities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Punjabi immigrants encountered severe racial discrimination, local labour union hostility, and harsh immigration restrictions. This hostility made them realise that their mistreatment abroad was directly tied to India's status as a subjugated colony, concluding that true equality required national freedom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On July 15, 1913, these expatriates formally established the <\/span><b>Pacific Coast Hindustan Association<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> across Oregon and California.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initially, the movement started with the publication of a weekly newspaper called <\/span><b>Ghadar <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">by Lala Hardayal from San Francisco. The first edition of the Ghadar was published in <\/span><b>Urdu<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, with the caption <\/span><b>Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and a month later, it was published in <\/span><b>Gurmukhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Operating from its San Francisco headquarters at the <\/span><b>Yugantar Ashram<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the organisation adopted the name <\/span><b>Hindustan Ghadar Party.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It focused on uniting the Indian diaspora in North America to organise an armed revolutionary struggle against British rule in India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Party Founder<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Ghadar Party was founded in 1913 in the US by <\/span><b>Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, who served as founding President, and<\/span><b> Lala Har Daya<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">l, who served as chief ideologue, primary organizer, and General Secretary. Key members included Pandit Kanshi Ram, Bhai Parmanand, and Kartar Singh Sarabha.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Party Members<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Party mainly consisted of Indian immigrants from the Punjab. Notable members included Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna, Lala Har Dayal, Pandit Kanshi Ram Morali, Bhai Parmanand, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sant<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Baba<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wasakha<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Singh<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dadeha,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Baba<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jawala<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Singh,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Santokh<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Singh,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and Harnam Singh Tundilat.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna (1870-1968): <\/b>He<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was the <\/span><b>first President and <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the <\/span><b>founder<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of Ghadar Party in the U.S.A.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Lala Har Dayal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: He was the <\/span><b>General Secretary<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of the Ghadar Party. He was also the editor of the weekly paper Gadar. He established the Hindi Association of the Pacific Coast. It was later known as the <\/span><b>Hindustan Ghadar Party<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in May 1913. This was established to take control of the Indian immigrant community in Portland.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Pandit Kanshi Ram Morali<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: He, along with Sohan Singh Bhakna, established the <\/span><b>Hindi Association<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which later evolved into the Ghadar Party. He was the treasurer of the Ghadar Party.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Bhai Parmanand<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: He was also a founding member of the Ghadar Party. He also wrote a book for the Ghadar Party named <\/span><b>Tarikh-i-Hind.<\/b><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Harnam Singh Tundilat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: He was an ex-serviceman of the Punjab Regiment of the British Army. Harnam Singh wrote patriotic poems for Ghadar and was a bodyguard for the Party's General Secretary, Lala Har Dayal.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Party Objectives<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Party sought to assist in overthrowing <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/british-rule-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">British Rule in India<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> through armed revolt. Its main objectives include:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Improving the conditions of the poor and the working class.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promoting education and social reforms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Overthrowing British colonial power through revolution.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Establishing an independent and sovereign India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Creating a secular state embracing all religions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To unite all Indians, regardless of their religion and caste.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To spread nationalist ideals, expose British economic exploitation, and raise political awareness through their weekly publication, <\/span><b>Ghadar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Party Activities Undertaken<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Party, formed to challenge British rule in India, engaged in a range of revolutionary activities. From organizing assassinations of British officials and supplying weapons to inciting mutiny during World War I, the party aimed to spark uprisings across British colonies. Their efforts included the launch of the weekly newspaper <\/span><b><i>Ghadar<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and involvement in events like the Komagata Maru incident.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Assassination of British Officials:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The party organised the assassinations of British officials stationed abroad, igniting uprisings across British colonies worldwide.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Weapon Supply: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/world-war-1\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> World War 1<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Ghadar Party members returned to Punjab, where they sought to incite an armed rebellion. They supplied weapons and incited Indian soldiers in the British Army to mutiny.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Ghadar Mutiny:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In February 1915, the Ghadar Mutiny began as a result of weapons smuggling and the party\u2019s anti-colonial efforts.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although the mutiny was planned to spread across India, it was swiftly and harshly suppressed by British authorities, culminating in the execution of 42 members after the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Publishing the Ghadar Newspaper:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The party launched the Urdu-language weekly, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, in November 1913, which became a crucial tool for disseminating nationalist ideals. It was circulated widely among Indian immigrants globally.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Propaganda Campaign:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ghadar leaders embarked on extensive propaganda efforts, delivering speeches and distributing materials in workplaces where Indian immigrants were employed.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They utilised the freedom available in the U.S. to fuel anti-colonial sentiment and oppose British domination.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/komagata-maru-incident\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Komagata Maru Incident<\/b><\/a><b>:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ghadar Party activists visited the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Komagata Maru<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> ship during its voyage, delivering lectures and handing out anti-colonial literature.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Upon the ship\u2019s arrival in <\/span><b>Canada<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, it was denied entry by authorities, leading to frustration and anger among the passengers.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Movement<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Ghadar movement gained momentum in 1914 due to many significant events that inspired the revolutionaries living abroad. The arrest of Lala Har Dayal, the Komatgaru incident, and the outbreak of World War I shaped the movement's strategies.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Lala Har Dayal's arrest<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: In 1914, Lala Har Dayal was arrested by US authorities under British pressure. After his release on bail, he fled to Switzerland, weakening the Ghadar leadership at a critical moment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Komagata Maru incident<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The Japanese steamship Komagata Maru, carrying 376 Indian passengers, was denied entry to Canada and forced back. Upon reaching Calcutta during World War I, passengers were not allowed to disembark, leading to a violent clash in Budge Budge, resulting in 18 deaths and 202 arrests. This fueled anti-British sentiment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>World War I revolt attempt<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Ghadar leaders saw World War I as an opportunity to revolt. They issued the Ailan-e-Jung (Proclamation of War), urging Indians abroad to return and join the struggle against British rule.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Party Achievements<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Party made a significant contribution to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/revolutionary-movements-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Revolutionary Movements in India<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It advocated for nationalist ideology, equality, and a secular idea, as seen in the weekly newspaper Ghadar published by the Ghadar Party.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Spread of nationalist ideology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Ghadarites raised awareness about British exploitation, inspiring peasant uprisings in Punjab and other regions in later years.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Core ideology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The movement\u2019s principles centred on equality, democracy, and a radical approach, influenced by Irish, Mexican, and Russian revolutionaries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Fostered International Unity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Ghadar Party fostered international unity by connecting the Indian diaspora across North America and Asia, including Canada, the United States, Hong Kong, and Singapore, in a collective movement toward national independence.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Secular nature<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The Ghadar Party was highly secular, dismissing religious concerns as insignificant. They welcomed leaders from diverse backgrounds, such as Har Dayal (Hindu), Barkatullah (Muslim), and Rash Behari Bose (Bengali Hindu).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Party Failure<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Movement overestimated its readiness and public support, misjudged the strength of the British forces, and lacked proper coordination. Internal leadership conflicts and poor organisation further weakened the movement, leading to its downfall.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Lack of mass support: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The movement overestimated the readiness of the Indian masses for rebellion, which led to a gap between leadership efforts and public participation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Weak coordination: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There was a significant lack of proper coordination between the leadership and the people, making it difficult to mobilise effectively.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>British strength:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The party underestimated the power and swift response of the British government, which took strict measures to counter their efforts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Leadership crisis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Many key leaders were arrested upon their arrival in India, severely weakening the organisational capacity and momentum of the movement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ghadar Party UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Q1:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Consider the following freedom fighters:<\/span><b> (UPSC Prelims 2022)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Barindra Kumar Ghosh<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Rash Behari Bose<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Who of the above was\/were actively associated with the Ghadar Party?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 and 2\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) 1 and 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) 3 only\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (d)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q2: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Ghadr (Ghadar) was a <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2014)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San Francisco<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) nationalist organization operating from Singapore<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) militant organization with headquarters at Berlin<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) communist movement for India's freedom with headquarters at Tashkent<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (a)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 150px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: 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Case<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/surya-sen\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Surya Sen<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore the Ghadar Party&#8217;s history, leaders, objectives, revolutionary activities, key events like Komagata Maru, achievements, and reasons for its downfall in the fight against British colonial rule in India.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":10505,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,38],"tags":[1111,40,1067],"class_list":["post-10485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-upsc-modern-history-notes","category-upsc-notes","tag-ghadar-party","tag-quest","tag-upsc-modern-history-notes"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10485","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10485"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10485\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29888,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10485\/revisions\/29888"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10505"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10485"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10485"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10485"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}