{"id":11537,"date":"2025-10-15T10:54:09","date_gmt":"2025-10-15T05:24:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=11537"},"modified":"2025-10-17T11:44:31","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T06:14:31","slug":"deep-ocean-mission","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/deep-ocean-mission\/","title":{"rendered":"Deep Ocean Mission, Components, Significance, Technologies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Deep Ocean Mission<\/strong> (DOM) is an ambitious initiative to explore and harness the vast resources of the country's 7,517 km coastline and 2.37 million sq km Exclusive Economic Zone. This mission is one of the nine key initiatives under the Prime Minister\u2019s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PMSTIAC).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deep Ocean Mission is led by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and aims to develop deep-sea technologies for sustainable extraction of minerals, energy, and freshwater from the oceans. It also focuses on understanding climate change impacts, conserving marine biodiversity, and building human capacity in ocean sciences and engineering.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deep Ocean Mission About<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Deep Ocean Mission<\/strong> (DOM) is an initiative by the Government of India to explore the deep ocean. The mission aims to develop technologies for exploring and sustainably using the ocean's resources. It also aims to address climate change and pollution. Its <\/span><b>Samudrayaan Project<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> involves human missions to depths of 1,000\u20135,500 meters to explore polymetallic nodules containing manganese, nickel, copper, and cobalt, supporting the blue economy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Budget: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Approved by the government with a budget of \u20b94,077 crore over 5 years, the first phase (2021-2024) is allocated \u20b92,823.4 crore.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Stakeholders: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) is the lead agency for the mission. Other agencies involved include the Department of Biotechnology, the Department of Space, and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Significance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The mission is important because the ocean is vital for the sustainable development of the country. It also helps to address climate change and pollution.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deep Ocean Mission Components<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deep Ocean Missions aim to explore and utilize ocean resources while preserving its ecosystems. These initiatives leverage advanced technologies to unlock the deep sea\u2019s potential, focusing on areas such as resource extraction, environmental conservation, and sustainable development. The mission covers deep-sea mining, climate change forecasting, biodiversity preservation, and more. It has the following key components:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Technological innovations for Deep-Sea Mining<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Development of a manned submersible and an integrated mining system to extract polymetallic nodules from the central Indian Ocean.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These nodules contain valuable metals like <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">copper, manganese, nickel, cobalt, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">iron.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ocean climate change advisory services<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Establishment of observational networks and climate models to provide projections and insights into oceanic changes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exploration and conservation of deep-sea biodiversity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Advancing technologies to study and conserve marine biodiversity, ensuring sustainable development.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Deep-ocean surveys and exploration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Identifying potential sites for mineralization of multi-metal hydrothermal sulphides along the Indian Ocean\u2019s mid-oceanic ridges.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Harnessing oceanic energy and freshwater<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Developing innovative systems to extract renewable energy and freshwater from the ocean.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Establishment of an Advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promote research and technological advancements in marine biology and biotechnology.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/deep-ocean-mission\/\" target=\"_blank\">Deep Ocean Mission<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11553 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/05\/Deep-Ocean-Mission-Technologies.webp\" alt=\"Deep Ocean Mission Technologies\" width=\"512\" height=\"446\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deep Ocean Mission Vehicle and Technologies<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Matsya 6000 Submersible <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is developed by the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the Matsya 6000 is India\u2019s premier manned deep-sea submersible. It is constructed using titanium alloy to withstand pressures up to 6,000 bars and can operate for 12 hours, extendable to 96 hours during emergencies.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Manned Submersible - 'Samudrayaan': MATSYA 6000<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is an indigenously developed manned submersible capable of carrying 3 people to a depth of 6000 metres under the sea for deep ocean exploration and facilitating close observation and on-site analysis of deep-sea features.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Operational highlights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: It is certified for human-rated operations at depths up to 500 m during initial tests and is also equipped with propellers for six-directional movement and three viewports for observation.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It also facilitates sample collection, video\/audio recording, and experiments.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Global standing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: With this technology, India will join the elite group of nations\u2014USA, Russia, China, France, and Japan\u2014capable of conducting crewed deep-sea missions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unmanned ROVs will also be deployed for wide-area seafloor mapping, exploration and sampling. They will be equipped with HD cameras, sonars, robotic arms to collect samples and various oceanographic sensors.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ROVs can survive the high pressures of the deep sea and will aid mineral prospecting and understanding of marine ecology. They are being developed jointly by NIOT and <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/isro\/\" target=\"_blank\">ISRO<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>The strategic importance of a 6,000 m depth: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India holds a 75,000 sq. km area in the central Indian Ocean and an additional 10,000 sq. km (26\u00b0 S) granted by the United Nations International Seabed Authority (ISA).<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Resource extraction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Polymetallic nodules, rich in metals, are found at depths of 5,000 m, while polymetallic sulphides are at 3,000 m.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Targeting 6,000 m depth ensures India can sustainably extract these resources while meeting its strategic and economic objectives.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11559 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/05\/Samudrayaan.webp\" alt=\"Samudrayaan\" width=\"512\" height=\"327\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deep Ocean Mission Significance\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With its extensive seaboard and unique maritime position, India has a genuine interest in the oceans. Following are the key reasons why the Deep Ocean Mission is significant:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Harnessing blue economy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Oceans are estimated to contribute over <\/span><b>5%<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to India's <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gross-domestic-product-gdp\/\" target=\"_blank\">GDP<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and this can be expanded greatly. India aims to contribute over <\/span><b>10% <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in the coming decade.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It also supports India\u2019s Blue Economy initiatives, focusing on blue trade and blue manufacturing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Energy security<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The hidden ocean resources, such as gas hydrates, contain energy equivalent to over 1 lakh Nuclear reactors. It can provide long-term energy security.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Food security<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The oceans are a rich source of drinking water and potential mining of ocean nutrients can enhance fish catches. India's nutritional security needs can be served.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>National security<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The mission will provide cutting-edge ocean technologies for the Indian Navy and enhance maritime security capabilities such as surveillance and communications.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Technological growth<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Indigenous technology development across materials, biotech, robotics and naval engineering will get a major boost.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NIOT successfully conducted deep-sea locomotion trials using the underwater mining system \u2018Varaha,\u2019 operating at a depth of 5,270 m.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Climate change mitigation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Oceans are major carbon sinks and knowledge of marine dynamics is key to evidence-based policymaking on climate change.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">DOM is recognised under the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science (2021-2030).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deep Ocean Mission Challenges<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Deep Ocean Mission faces complex technical and environmental obstacles, requiring innovative solutions for safe and efficient operations. The following are the key challenges:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Extreme underwater pressure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: At 6,000 m depth, pressure levels exceed 60 MPa (megapascal), equivalent to carrying 10,000 kg per square meter. Special materials and equipment are required to endure these conditions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Soft and muddy ocean bed<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Landing and manoeuvoring vehicles on the soft seabed is difficult as heavy machinery risks sinking.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Energy-intensive extraction<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Pumping materials from the seabed to the surface demands significant energy, complicating operations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Lack of electromagnetic propagation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Unlike space missions, communication with remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) is hindered underwater due to electromagnetic wave limitations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Visibility issues<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Natural light penetrates only a few tens of meters underwater, requiring advanced lighting systems for deep-sea exploration.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Environmental factors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Variations in temperature, salinity, and corrosion create additional hurdles for equipment durability and functionality.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deep Ocean Mission Way Forward<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A strategic way forward should focus on technological advancements, sustainable practices, and environmental responsibility to overcome these challenges while providing a balance between resource extraction and ecosystem preservation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Technological advancements in ocean exploration: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This includes advanced submersibles for deeper and longer missions, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/robotics\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Robotics<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and AI for autonomous operations, and big data analytics with <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/machine-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\">Machine Learning<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to process large datasets, enabling efficient resource extraction and informed decision-making.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Marine biomimetics: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adopt biomimicry by drawing inspiration from marine organisms to create structures and materials naturally suited for deep-sea conditions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Sustainable energy innovations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Develop Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) technologies to harness temperature gradients for power generation. Explore the potential of tidal and wave energy to sustain long-duration missions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Advanced sensor integration<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Combine sonar, lidar, and other imaging technologies for comprehensive mapping of deep-sea environments, overcoming visibility challenges.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Environmental responsibility: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ensure exploration is conducted with minimal impact on marine ecosystems by implementing strict international regulations and fostering ethical practices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deep Ocean Mission PYQs\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Question 1:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements:<\/span><b> (UPSC Prelims 2022)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from a baseline determined in accordance with the convention.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of the statements given above are correct?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Answer: (d)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Question 2:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Consider the following statements: <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2021)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cRare earth minerals\u2019 are present on the seafloor in international waters.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Answer: (b)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 150px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/geomorphology\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Geomorphology<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dams-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Major Dams in India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a 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href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ocean-acidification\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Ocean Acidification<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/migration-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Migration in India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/deep-ocean-mission\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Deep Ocean Mission<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center;height: 25px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/natural-vegetation-of-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Natural Vegetation of India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Deep Ocean Mission is led by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and aims to develop deep-sea technologies for sustainable extraction of minerals, energy, and freshwater from the oceans.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":11548,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,38],"tags":[1193,40,620],"class_list":{"0":"post-11537","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-geography-notes","8":"category-upsc-notes","9":"tag-deep-ocean-mission","10":"tag-quest","11":"tag-upsc-geography-notes"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11537","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11537"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11537\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19215,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11537\/revisions\/19215"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11548"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11537"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11537"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11537"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}