{"id":12143,"date":"2026-03-04T11:51:11","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T06:21:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=12143"},"modified":"2026-03-10T12:30:04","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T07:00:04","slug":"naxalism-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/naxalism-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Naxalism in India, Origin, Causes, Challenges, Measures"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Naxalism in India <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is a powerful reminder of the urgent need to address deep socio-economic inequalities, resolve land disputes, and uplift marginalised tribal communities. Naxalism which is also referred to as <\/span><b>Naxal, Naxalite, or Naksalvadi,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> represents militant left-wing movements active across various parts of India under diverse organisational structures.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Originating in <\/span><b>Naxalbari<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a village in Darjeeling district, West Bengal, the movement began in 1967 under the leadership of <\/span><b>Charu Majumdar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>Jangal Santhal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><b>Kanu Sanyal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Initially localised in West Bengal, it later expanded to less-developed rural regions of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh, primarily through underground organisations like the Communist Party of India (Maoist).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naxalism Meaning<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Naxalism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> refers to the militant left-wing movement in India rooted in <\/span><b>communist ideologies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It aims to address social and economic inequalities through armed struggle. Naxalism operates under various organisational frameworks across India and remains a persistent internal security challenge.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naxalism in India<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Naxalism in India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> refers to the far-left <\/span><b>Maoist insurgency<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that originated in Naxalbari, West Bengal, in 1967. It seeks to overthrow the state through armed rebellion, primarily operating in the <\/span><b>\"Red Corridor.\"<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Rooted in socio-economic disparities, it remains a major internal security challenge despite sustained counterinsurgency efforts.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2014, 126 districts in 10 states were classified as the most affected. In early 2025, this count is down to 12, the majority being in Bastar.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-12164\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/05\/Naxalism.webp\" alt=\"Naxalism\" width=\"357\" height=\"484\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">History of Naxalism in India\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>History of Naxalism in India <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">began<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in ~1967 with the Naxalbari uprising, later spreading across India. Despite government crackdowns and factional splits, it evolved into <\/span><b>CPI (Maoist) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and remains an ongoing socio-political and security challenge.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Origins in Naxalbari Uprising (1967):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The movement began with a peasant revolt in Naxalbari village, West Bengal, led by communist leaders <\/span><b>against local landlords.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The revolt protested exploitative practices and demanded land reforms. \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Formation of CPI (Marxist-Leninist) (1969):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Following ideological splits within the Communist Party of India (Marxist), leaders like <\/span><b>Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal established the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to pursue armed revolution. \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Spread to Other States (1970s): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Naxalite movement expanded beyond West Bengal to rural areas in states such as Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh, gaining support among marginalised communities. \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Government Crackdown and Operation Steeplechase (1971\u20131972): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Indian government launched military operations to suppress Naxalite activities, resulting in the arrest and deaths of key leaders, including Charu Majumdar in 1972. \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Emergence of New Groups (1980s\u20131990s):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Despite setbacks, factions like the People's War Group (PWG) and Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) emerged, continuing insurgent activities and advocating Maoist ideologies. \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Formation of CPI (Maoist) (2004):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The PWG and MCC merged to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist), intensifying insurgency efforts and consolidating influence in the \"Red Corridor.\" \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Government Countermeasures (2000s\u2013Present):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Indian government has implemented security operations and development initiatives to address Naxalism, aiming to curb violence and address underlying socio-economic issues.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12163\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/05\/unnamed.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"393\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phases of Naxalism in India\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Phases of\u00a0 Naxalism in India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> include emergence, regrouping and expansion, and consolidation, marked by armed struggle, ideological shifts, and state responses combining force and development. The growth and evolution of Naxalism in India, commonly referred to as <\/span><b>Left-Wing Extremism (LWE),<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> can be categorised into three distinct phases:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phase 1: Naxalbari and Early Struggles (1967\u20131974)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Phase 1 of Naxalism in India <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was started with the<\/span><b> Naxalbari Uprising (1967), <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">which crystallised after police fired on protesting peasants in Naxalbari village, Darjeeling, West Bengal, on May 25, 1967. Leaders like Charu Majumdar, Jangal Santhal, and Kanu Sanyal mobilised landless peasants to seize landlords' lands, branding them as <\/span><b>\"class enemies.\"<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Formation of CPI (Marxist-Leninist):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Led by Charu Majumdar, the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) was established in 1969, inspired by the Communist Party of China.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ideology:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The CPI (ML) rejected the electoral process and promoted violent revolution to achieve political goals. This was the first major instance of an armed peasant uprising post-independence.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Post-Charu Majumdar\u2019s Death:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The party lacked credible leadership, was fragmented, and was eventually reorganised as CPI (ML) Liberation in 1974.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Groups like CPI (ML) Satyanarayan Singh Group (SNS) and factions led by Ashim Chatterjee and Santosh Rana emerged.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I<\/span><b>mpact of Emergency (1975):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The movement faced severe repression, with around 40,000 cadres imprisoned.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phase 2: Revival and Strategic Expansion (1980s)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Phase 2 of Naxalism in India <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was marked by a re-emergence in a more violent form, extending its influence from West Bengal to Bihar, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh, following the strategy of a protracted war.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Formation of People\u2019s War Group (PWG):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Established in 1980 in Andhra Pradesh under Kondapalli Seetharamaiah, the PWG drew heavily from Mao Tse Tung's theory of peasant insurrection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Objective:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> To establish a \"people\u2019s government\" through guerrilla warfare, converting rural areas into liberated zones before encircling cities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Emergence of MCC:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Maoist Communist Centre (MCC), originally formed as <\/span><b>Dakshin Desh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1969, also aimed to achieve a people\u2019s government through organised armed struggle.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Setbacks:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Security operations and internal conflicts weakened the movement during this period.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phase 3: Consolidation and Escalation (2000\u2013Present)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Phase 3 of Naxalism in India <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was marked by the formation of the People\u2019s Guerrilla Army in 2000, marking the transition to more coordinated violence. The PWG and MCC merged to form CPI (Maoist), which became the most dominant and violent LWE outfit.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Territorial Spread:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> By the 2000s, Naxalism affected 233 districts in 20 states, particularly in the Dandakaranya region (Chhattisgarh, <\/span><b>Odisha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><b>Maharashtra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Andhra Pradesh).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Parallel Administration:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Maoists operate a parallel judiciary and government in affected areas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">LWE activities are now confined to nine states: Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Major Naxal Attacks in India\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naxalite-Maoist insurgency has led to several significant attacks in India over the years. Notable incidents include:\u200b\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Dantewada Attack:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> On April 6, 2010, Maoist insurgents ambushed a convoy of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) near Chintalnar village in Chhattisgarh's Dantewada district, resulting in the deaths of 76 CRPF personnel. \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Dantewada Bus Bombing:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> On May 17, 2010, Maoists targeted a civilian bus in Dantewada district by detonating a landmine, leading to the deaths of 31 to 44 individuals, including Special Police Officers and civilians. \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Jehanabad Jail Break: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On November 13, 2005, over a thousand Maoist insurgents attacked the Jehanabad prison in Bihar, freeing more than 300 inmates, including several top Maoist leaders.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Sukma Attack:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> On April 24, 2017, Maoists ambushed a CRPF convoy in Sukma district, Chhattisgarh, killing 26 personnel.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Sukma\u2013Bijapur Attack: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On April 3, 2021, an ambush by Maoist militants in the Sukma-Bijapur border area led to the deaths of 22 security personnel and 20 insurgents.\u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Indravati Forest Clash:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> On February 9, 2025, in Chhattisgarh's Indravati forest region, a clash between Maoist insurgents and security forces resulted in the deaths of at least 31 rebels and two police officers.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naxalism in India Causes<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naxalism in India is caused by socio-economic inequalities, landlessness, exploitation of tribal communities, lack of development, unemployment, displacement due to mining projects, and ineffective governance in remote and marginalised regions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Landlessness and Agrarian Distress: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Widespread landlessness among marginalised communities and failure to implement land reforms have led to agrarian distress, exploitation by landlords, and deep-rooted dissatisfaction, fueling support for the Naxalite movement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exploitation of Tribal Communities: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tribal populations in central and eastern India have long faced neglect, displacement due to mining and development projects, and exploitation by forest officials and contractors, creating fertile ground for insurgent ideologies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Poverty and Economic Inequality: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Severe poverty, lack of employment opportunities, and unequal distribution of resources in underdeveloped regions contribute to resentment against the state, making Naxal ideology appealing to the economically deprived.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Lack of Education and Health Services: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The absence of a quality <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/education-sector-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">education sector<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, healthcare, and basic infrastructure in remote and forested areas deepens alienation and mistrust toward government institutions, enabling extremist groups to gain influence and control.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Poor <\/b><b>Governance<\/b><b> and Corruption: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Administrative apathy, corruption at grassroots levels, and failure to deliver justice or basic entitlements push people toward Naxal groups that promise swift and alternative systems of governance.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Displacement due to Industrialization: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unplanned industrial development and resource extraction have led to mass displacement without adequate rehabilitation, particularly affecting tribals and Dalits, intensifying their discontent and support for violent resistance.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Police Atrocities and State Violence: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Allegations of custodial torture, fake encounters, and heavy-handed operations by security forces have aggravated local grievances, reinforcing the Naxal narrative of state oppression and injustice.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Challenges in Combating Naxalism in India<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Combating Naxalism in India faces challenges like difficult terrain, poor intelligence, guerrilla tactics, socio-economic grievances, legal concerns, and resource constraints, which hinder effective operations and long-term resolution of the insurgency.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Inadequate Intelligence and Coordination: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Effective counterinsurgency operations require precise intelligence. However, gathering actionable information is challenging due to the rebels' deep integration with local communities and the lack of coordination among various government agencies. \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ambush Tactics and Guerrilla Warfare: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naxalites employ guerrilla tactics, including ambushes and hit-and-run attacks, exploiting their familiarity with the terrain to inflict casualties on security forces and then disappearing into dense forests. \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Socio-Economic Grievances:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Persistent issues like poverty, landlessness, and unemployment in affected regions fuel local support for Naxalism, complicating efforts to delegitimise the insurgency without addressing these underlying problems. \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Legal and <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/human-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Human Rights<\/b><\/a><b> Concerns: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Operations against Naxalites must balance security objectives with human rights considerations. Allegations of excesses by security forces can erode public trust and inadvertently bolster insurgent propaganda. \u200b<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Resource Constraints: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Limited manpower, equipment, and funding for security forces impede sustained operations, while Naxalites often have access to illicit funds and arms, creating an asymmetry in capabilities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naxalism in India Government Measures\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Indian government combats Naxalism through security operations, development programs, infrastructure expansion, improved governance, and rehabilitation policies to address both violence and the socio-economic grievances of affected communities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Security Operations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Major operations like Operation Steeplechase (1971) and Operation Green Hunt (2009) deployed joint forces and specialized COBRA commandos to curb Naxalite activity.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Greyhounds in Andhra Pradesh and the Bastariya Battalion in Chhattisgarh represent focused efforts to involve local youth, especially tribals, in counterinsurgency.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Unified Command (2010) was created to ensure interstate coordination among affected regions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Skill Development:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Initiatives like the ROSHNI scheme and the establishment of ITIs in LWE-affected districts have been done to enhance employability.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Development Measures:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Forest Rights Act (2006) empowers tribal communities, while the Civic Action Programme (CAP) builds trust between locals and forces.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>SAMADHAN Strategy: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A operational strategy to fight Left Wing Extremism.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The strategy emphasises:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Smart leadership<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aggressive strategy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Motivation and training<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Actionable intelligence<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dashboard-based performance metrics<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Harnessing technology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Action plans for theatres<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">No financial access for insurgents.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, launched by the Government of India in January 2018, aims to rapidly transform 112 of the most under-developed districts across the country, including those affected by Left Wing Extremism (LWE).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Media Plans:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A robust media plan counters Maoist propaganda via government messaging through various mediums, including youth exchange programs.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>GIS Mapping: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This project maps financial services, schools, post offices, health facilities, roads, and security features across LWE-affected areas, facilitating data-driven decisions for development and security.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naxalism in India UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Question 1:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Naxalism is a social, economic, and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.<\/span><b> (UPSC Mains 2022)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Question 2: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration, and security forces adopt to counter the threat in affected areas? <\/span><b>(UPSC Mains 2020)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Question 3: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the Government of India\u2019s approach to counter the challenges posed by LWE. <\/span><b>(UPSC Mains 2018)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Question 4: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mob violence is emerging as a serious law and order problem in India. By giving examples, analyse the causes and consequences of such violence. <\/span><b>(UPSC Mains 2017)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Question 5: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The government\u2019s development drives for large industries in backward areas have isolated tribal populations facing multiple displacements. With Malkangiri and Naxalbari as case studies, discuss corrective strategies needed to reintegrate affected citizens into mainstream social and economic growth. <\/span><b>(UPSC Mains 2015)<\/b><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Naxalism in India began in 1967 in Naxalbari, West Bengal, as a peasant revolt demanding land rights and social justice. Check more Naxalism in India, Origin, Causes, Challenges, Measures.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":12160,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[35,38],"tags":[1293,40,665],"class_list":{"0":"post-12143","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-internal-security-notes","8":"category-upsc-notes","9":"tag-naxalism-in-india","10":"tag-quest","11":"tag-upsc-internal-security-notes"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12143","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12143"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12143\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20454,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12143\/revisions\/20454"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12143"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12143"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12143"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}