{"id":12325,"date":"2025-10-15T11:28:18","date_gmt":"2025-10-15T05:58:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=12325"},"modified":"2025-10-17T11:10:00","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T05:40:00","slug":"thangka-paintings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/thangka-paintings\/","title":{"rendered":"Thangka Paintings, History, Types, Features, Significance"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Thangka paintings<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are ancient Buddhist art that originated in the Himalayan and Tibetan regions around the <\/span><b>11th <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">century. In Tibetan <\/span><b>'than' <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">means Flat and <\/span><b>'ka' <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">means Painting. The most common shape of a Thangka is the upright rectangular form which can be rolled up when not required for display.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Thangka painting<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is hung in monasteries or homes and carried by lamas in ceremonial processions. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buddhist devotees use Thangkas to develop a close relationship with their favorite meditational deity. Thangka painting in India is mainly practised in <\/span><b>Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><b>Himachal Pradesh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangka Paintings History<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Thangka Paintings history<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> traces back to ancient <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/buddhist-art-and-architecture-i\/\" target=\"_blank\">Buddhist art<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in India and China, evolving under Indo-Nepalese and Chinese influences. It spread with Tibetan Buddhism and follows strict iconographic rules rooted in scriptures.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Origin and History:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Thangka paintings originated from the traditions of early Buddhist paintings, like paintings in the <\/span><b>Ajanta <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Caves in India and the <\/span><b>Mogao <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Caves in China.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The roots of the Thangka painting are found in the Buddhist scriptures also these were made in ancient scriptures, manuscripts, and textiles.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Global Presence:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Thangka paintings were painted in all areas where Tibetan <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Buddhism<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> flourished, which include Mongolia, India, parts of Russia, and Northeast China.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Major Areas in India:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Thangka paintings are practiced in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Ladakh, and in the <\/span><b>Lahaul-Spiti, Kangra<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of Himachal. In <\/span><b>Dharamshala<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, these paintings are made by Tibetan exiles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Practitioner Community:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Originally painted by <\/span><b>lamas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, over the years, thangkas came to be made by lay painters. They underwent rigorous training in the traditional art and worked with the guidance of lamas.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangka paintings follow strict and set rules written in the Buddhist scriptures, thus a thorough knowledge of the iconography and the scriptures is necessary.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Uses<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Thangka earlier was seen as a tool for <\/span><b>meditation, Teaching, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><b>Storytelling<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. They also serve as a means of communication between the artist and the deity. Thangkas are not for aesthetic or daily utilitarian purposes. Instead, these are a tool for meditation and a symbol of <\/span><b>good karma<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> which differentiates them from other crafts.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangka scrolls remain the most popular product. However, these days other products are also available in the market such as painted furniture and textiles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Wall <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">paintings in Buddhist temples are closely associated with the art of thangka painting.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Iconography and Artistic Freedom<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Thangka paintings follow old iconographic patterns defined in ancient Tibetan Buddhist scriptures. The artistic freedom is limited to the background landscape and slight color variations.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One small change is that a few thangka paintings are now not mounted on <\/span><b>silk <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">brocade cloth but framed with <\/span><b>wood <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><b>glass<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Such thangkas are for commercial purposes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-12357\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/05\/Thangka-painting-depicting-Buddha.webp\" alt=\"Thangka painting depicting Buddha\" width=\"709\" height=\"467\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/05\/Thangka-painting-depicting-Buddha.webp 1182w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/05\/Thangka-painting-depicting-Buddha-768x506.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangka Paintings Features<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangka paintings are more than mere colourful wall hangings as they embody divine beauty. Brightly colored, densely illustrative, and painstakingly detailed, the thangka serves as a striking centrepiece that can be appreciated by all. <\/span><b>Major Features <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">include:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Medium and Form: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Typically created as vertical scrolls on cotton or silk fabric.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Subject Matter: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Depict Buddhist deities, enlightened beings, and revered monks, often surrounded by symbolic elements.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Spiritual Sanctity:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Believed to house the spirit of the deity, requiring strict adherence to proportions, postures, and color palettes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Rules of Creation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Artists follow precise iconographic guidelines; personal expression is minimal and paintings are traditionally unsigned.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Inscriptions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Mantras or sacred texts related to the deity are often inscribed on the reverse side.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Size Variations: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ranges from small scrolls for private meditation to large banners used in monastic rituals and festivals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Intricate Detailing: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Compositions are densely populated with fine details and miniature figures, with the central deity prominently placed.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Symmetry and Harmony: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Designs are highly symmetrical to reflect cosmic balance and spiritual harmony.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Color Symbolism:<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">White \u2013 Neutral or peaceful deities<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brown \u2013 Amitabha Buddha<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Blue \u2013 Medicine Buddha<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Red \u2013 Guru Padmasambhava<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Green \u2013 Green Tara<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reddish Brown \u2013 Manjushree<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Religious Symbols: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Incorporate the Eight Auspicious Symbols of Buddhism, including:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lotus \u2013 Spiritual purity and enlightenment<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">White Parasol \u2013 Protection and Buddha\u2019s triumph over evil<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conch Shell \u2013 Victory over ignorance and enemies<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Endless Knot \u2013 Eternity, unity, and harmony<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pair of Fish \u2013 Liberation and fearlessness<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Banner of Victory \u2013 Success over worldly distractions<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Treasure Vase \u2013 Spiritual and material abundance<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dharma Wheel \u2013 The path to enlightenment through Buddha\u2019s teachings<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-12358\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/05\/Thangka-painting-depicting-Devi-Tara.webp\" alt=\"Thangka painting depicting Devi Tara\" width=\"516\" height=\"645\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/05\/Thangka-painting-depicting-Devi-Tara.webp 800w, https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/05\/Thangka-painting-depicting-Devi-Tara-768x960.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 516px) 100vw, 516px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangka Paintings Types<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangka paintings, as part of <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indian-paintings\/\" target=\"_blank\">Indian paintings<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, can be categorised based on their materials and artistic techniques, including:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Appliqu\u00e9d or silk-embroidered pieces<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Coloured paintings (Tson-tang), the most common form<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Black background style (Nagtang)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Red background style (Mar-tang)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Embroidered works (Tsem-thang)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paintings with a gold background<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangka Paintings Themes<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Thangka Paintings Themes <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">revolve around deep spiritual and philosophical ideas, including mandalas, Buddha\u2019s life, the wheel of life, peaceful deities, and wrathful deities\u2014each conveying aspects of Buddhist cosmology and meditation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mandalas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: It uses geometric patterns of squares and circles. It represents the abode of the deity which is placed at the center of the mandala. The mandala is an aid for the meditating person.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Buddha\u2019s Life<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: These present the whole life story of Buddha.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Wheel of life:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Represent 6 different realms given in Buddhism.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Buddhas and peaceful deities:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> They depict images of forms of Buddha and other peaceful deities like Green and white Tara, Manjushree, Alokiteshvara, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Wrathful Deities:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> These depict wrathful deities like Mahakala, Yamantaka, and Vajrapani.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangka Paintings Making Process<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Thangka painting-making process <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">involves traditional cotton-made canvas. The process begins with preparing the canvas, followed by drawing figures and then coloring.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A paste made of leather glue, distemper powder, and water is applied to both sides of the canvas and left to dry in the sunlight, creating a smooth surface.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Natural mineral pigments are used to produce colors\u2014Carbon Black for black, Cinnabar for vermillion, Lapis Lazuli for blue, Lac for red, Malachite for green, and Minium for orange.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, gold and silver metals are used to enhance the artwork. While mineral pigments remain important, modern artists also use acrylic and poster colors today.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The mineral powders are mixed with a glue binder to form a paste used for painting over the initial sketch.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangka Paintings Significance<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Thangka Paintings' significance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> lies in their deep spiritual, religious, and artistic value. They serve as visual aids for meditation, depict Buddhist deities and teachings, and preserve Tibetan cultural heritage across generations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Religious significance: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monks and practitioners used these intricate artworks to visually represent complex Buddhist teachings, stories of deities, and philosophical concepts, helping students and followers to internalise and understand Buddhist doctrines.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Cultural significance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Thangka Paintings reflect the rich heritage and spiritual traditions of the Tibeto-Himalayan regions.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They played a major role in preserving and transmitting culture. These have documented rich mythology and aided the religious practices of Tibetan Buddhism generation after generation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In times of political upheaval\/migration\/exile, these were portable records of cultural heritage, assisting continuity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Spiritual significance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> They depict deities and bodhisattvas which practitioners would meditate upon to attain spiritual enlightenment.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The process of creating a thangka is a spiritual exercise, often involving rituals and mantras. The process generates merit and purifies the mind.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ritual Use:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Large thangkas, known as trompos, are unfurled on special occasions to bless the community. Additionally, these are used in rituals for protection, healing, and invoking the blessings.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Popularity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Thangka paintings have admirers all over the world, be it for their aesthetic beauty or spiritual purposes. Now Thangkas are being commissioned from all over the world helping to sustain Buddhist monasteries.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Challenges<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Lack of Authenticity:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> There are printed versions of thangkas available in the market that lack authenticity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Efforts not rewarded:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Most people are not well aware of its making process. Thus, the tremendous effort going into making thangkas goes unnoticed.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Reluctance to Commercialisation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangkas are not being portrayed as commercial art.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thangka Paintings UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Question 1:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most famous and oft-illustrated paintings of:<\/span><b> (UPSC Prelims 2017)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Ajanta<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Badami<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Bagh<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Ellora<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Answer: (a)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Question 2:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Kalamkari painting refers to: <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2015)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) a hand-painted cotton textile in South India<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) a handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in North-East India<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) a block-painted woolen cloth in the Western Himalayan region of India<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) a hand-painted decorative silk cloth in North-Western India<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Answer: (a)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 200px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/madhubani-painting\/\" target=\"_blank\">Madhubani Painting<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 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Architecture<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/kalighat-painting\/\" target=\"_blank\">Kalighat Painting<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/chausath-yogini-temple\/\" target=\"_blank\">Chausath Yogini Temple<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/thangka-paintings\/\" target=\"_blank\">Thangka Paintings<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bani-thani-painting\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bani Thani Painting<\/a><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Thangka paintings are ancient Buddhist art originated in the Himalayan and Tibetan regions around the 11th century. Check more about Thangka painting, features.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":12354,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,38],"tags":[40,1324,619],"class_list":{"0":"post-12325","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-art-culture-notes","8":"category-upsc-notes","9":"tag-quest","10":"tag-thangka-paintings","11":"tag-upsc-art-and-culture-notes"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12325","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12325"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12325\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19701,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12325\/revisions\/19701"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12325"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12325"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12325"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}