{"id":13431,"date":"2026-03-04T15:51:22","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T10:21:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=13431"},"modified":"2026-03-10T12:29:50","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T06:59:50","slug":"sustainable-development","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sustainable-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Sustainable Development, Meaning, Principles, Importance"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Sustainable development<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> has become crucial as the world faces environmental, social, and economic challenges. Defined by the Brundtland Report (1987), it ensures present needs are met without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs. It is based on three pillars: economic sustainability (equitable growth), environmental sustainability (resource preservation), and social sustainability (justice and inclusivity).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Milestones like the Stockholm Conference (1972) and the Rio Earth Summit (1992) shaped global sustainability efforts, including the SDGs. Challenges include war, poverty, and environmental degradation. India's initiatives, such as Swachh Bharat and Jal Jeevan Mission, support these global efforts for inclusive, sustainable growth.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development Meaning<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Sustainable development<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, according to the Brundtland Report (1987), is \"development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.\" The<\/span><b> three pillars of sustainability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u2014economic growth, environmental conservation, and social equity\u2014are highlighted in this formulation in a balanced manner.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Economic sustainability <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is the process of ensuring that growth in the economy is equitable, helps all facets of society, and doesn't deplete natural resources or harm the environment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Environmental sustainability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is the preservation of the environment through the wise use of natural resources, lowering pollution levels, and lessening the effects of climate change.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Social sustainability<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is the advancement of social justice, equity, and inclusivity while guaranteeing that everyone has access to opportunity, fundamental necessities, and an education.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-13478\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/06\/Sustainable-Development-Meaning.webp\" alt=\"Sustainable Development Meaning\" width=\"463\" height=\"426\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development History<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable development\u2019s history has evolved from early environmental concerns into a global framework uniting economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection, reflecting our awareness of their interconnectedness.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Stockholm Conference(1972): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Stockholm Conference was the first global meeting to address environmental issues, leading to the creation of UNEP and recognizing the need to integrate environmental protection with economic development.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>The Brundtland Commission (1987):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Brundtland Report,<\/span><b> \"Our Common Future,\" <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">formally introduced sustainable development as a concept that balances present needs with future generations' ability to meet theirs, calling for integrated policies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>The Rio Earth Summit(1992): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Rio Earth Summit produced <\/span><b>Agenda 21 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and other key agreements, marking a major global effort to draft strategies for sustainable development and address issues like climate change and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/biodiversity\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>biodiversity<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Continuing the Journey Toward Sustainability(2015):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The adoption of the 2030 Agenda and the 17 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sustainable-development-goals\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> set a global framework to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all by 2030.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development Features<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable development features focus on balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. These principles guide policies to ensure long-term well-being without compromising resources for future generations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Intergenerational Equity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ensures that current development activities do not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their needs, promoting fairness across time.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Integration of Environmental and Economic Goals:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Emphasises the harmonious advancement of economic growth alongside environmental preservation, recognising that long-term prosperity depends on a healthy ecosystem.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Social Inclusion and Equity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Advocates for equal access to resources and opportunities, aiming to reduce disparities and foster inclusive societies where all individuals can thrive.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Precautionary Principle: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encourages proactive measures to prevent environmental degradation, even in the face of scientific uncertainty, to safeguard ecological integrity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Polluter Pays Principle: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Holds that those responsible for pollution should bear the costs of managing it, incentivising environmentally responsible practices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development Objectives<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Sustainable Development Objectives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> aim to harmonise economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection to ensure a balanced and equitable future. They serve as a blueprint for global progress, addressing challenges like poverty, inequality, and climate change. By fostering partnerships and encouraging responsible resource use, these objectives strive to create resilient societies and a healthier planet for current and future generations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development Principles<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable development principles combine social, economic, and environmental goals to promote global well-being. They aim to provide quality education, healthcare, and employment while preserving ecosystems and protecting all forms of life.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Protecting the natural <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/environment\/\" target=\"_blank\">environment<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ecosystem\/\" target=\"_blank\">ecosystems<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Safeguarding global biodiversity and species variety<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promoting inclusive and long-term societal progress<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Enhancing and preserving human capital through health and <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/education-sector-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">education<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Regulating <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/population-and-associated-issues\/\" target=\"_blank\">population<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> growth for resource balance<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development Importance<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable development is vital for balancing economic growth with environmental protection and social equity, as it fosters resource efficiency, climate change mitigation, social inclusion, and global cooperation to address pressing challenges.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Environmental Protection: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reduces the negative effects of pollution, deforestation, and climate change to preserve ecosystems for future generations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Resource Efficiency:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Promotes the wise use of finite resources such as water, minerals, and energy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Economic sustainability: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encourages long-term strategies for strong and resilient economic systems.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Social inclusion:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It ensures equitable access to basic necessities, which helps to reduce poverty and social disparities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Climate Change Mitigation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote renewable energy adoption to address climate challenges.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Global Responsibility:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Encourages international cooperation to combat global issues such as environmental degradation and poverty.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development Challenges\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable development faces numerous challenges, including war and instability, implementation barriers in developing countries, governmental resistance to change, persistent poverty and inequality, economic fluctuations, rapid population growth, environmental degradation, and technological and financial gaps.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>War and Instability: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conflicts disrupt sustainable development efforts, as seen in the global food security impact of the Ukraine war.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Implementation Barriers:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Developing countries struggle to adopt sustainable practices without financial and technological support.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Governmental Resistance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Political priorities and reliance on industries like fossil fuels often hinder sustainable development.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Poverty and Inequality: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Addressing poverty and inequality is complex, with issues like unemployment and energy poverty exacerbated by global crises like <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>COVID-19<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Economic Fluctuations: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Global economic downturns negatively affect sustainability, particularly in poorer nations reliant on trade.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Population Growth: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rapid growth increases demand for resources, making it harder to achieve sustainability goals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Environmental Degradation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ongoing issues like deforestation and pollution challenge efforts to balance development with environmental protection.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Technological and Financial Gaps:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Limited access to modern technologies and funding hampers sustainable development, especially in developing nations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development Initiatives<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Global sustainable development initiatives, like the Stockholm Conference, Earth Summit, and Paris Agreement, have integrated environmental concerns into economic policies, encouraging nations to adopt sustainable practices. In India, national initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat Mission, Jal Jeevan Mission, and Namami Gange align with these global efforts, focusing on inclusive growth, environmental sustainability, and improving rural and urban living standards.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development Global Initiatives<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Global initiatives like the Stockholm Conference, Earth Summit, and Paris Agreement have integrated environmental concerns into economic policies, promoting sustainable practices. Key agreements, including the Kyoto Protocol and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), have played an important role in incorporating environmental concerns into economic policies, encouraging countries to adopt sustainable practices.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>The Stockholm Conference (1972)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The first major global effort to address environmental issues, resulting in the Stockholm Declaration and the establishment of the UNEP to coordinate global environmental actions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Earth Summit (1992):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Held in Rio de Janeiro, this summit resulted in key agreements such as the UNFCCC and Agenda 21, which laid the groundwork for incorporating environmental sustainability into global economic development.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Kyoto Protocol (1997): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Establishes legally binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and introduces economic incentives such as carbon trading to encourage cleaner technologies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Rio+10 (2002)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Following the Earth Summit, the World Summit on Sustainable Development reviewed progress and emphasized the importance of global cooperation in sustainable development.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>The Paris Agreement (2015):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It strengthened global commitments to reducing carbon emissions, encouraging investments in renewable energy, and promoting sustainable economic practices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Global Conventions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Agreements like the Ramsar Convention (1971), Montreal Protocol (1987), and Convention on Biological Diversity (1992<\/span><b>) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">have integrated sustainability into global policies, promoting economic growth while preserving natural resources.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> These 17 global goals, which were launched in 2015, aim to achieve long-term economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection by 2030, with a focus on poverty eradication and equality.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development National Initiatives<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India's national sustainable development initiatives are consistent with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These programs prioritise health, sanitation, water management, rural development, and infrastructure etc to achieve inclusive and long-term growth throughout the country.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>The Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Mission): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was launched in 2014 to eliminate open defecation and improve solid waste management, transforming hygiene practices across the country.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Jal Jeevan Mission: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was launched in 2019 to provide piped water to every rural household by 2024, with a focus on water source development and community participation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It ensures safe drinking water in rural areas by promoting sustainability and community-based management.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ABHY was launched in 2018 to manage groundwater resources sustainably through community involvement and demand management.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">): It aims to improve urban sanitation through effective waste management and toilet construction.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): It<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was established in 2019 to combat air pollution through prevention, control, and abatement measures, as well as increased monitoring.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It offers guaranteed employment through public works projects, improving rural livelihood security.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It aims to provide affordable housing in rural areas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY NRLM): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It helps rural communities improve their livelihoods through skill development and self-help groups.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>POSHAN Abhiyan: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It uses targeted strategies to reduce stunting, undernutrition, anaemia, and low birth weight.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a: The world's largest health assurance program offers annual health coverage of \u20b95 lakh per family for poor and vulnerable households.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It enhances school effectiveness and educational outcomes while promoting equitable access to quality education.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development Way Forward<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India is at a watershed moment in its journey towards sustainable development, attempting to strike a balance between rapid economic growth and environmental stewardship. To create a more sustainable future, the country is taking a multifaceted approach that focuses on energy, agriculture, and urban planning.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Expand Wind Power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: More wind turbines should be installed in high-wind regions to generate clean energy and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Invest in <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/solar-energy\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Solar Energy<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Invest in solar photovoltaic cells to capture abundant sunlight and support the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/international-solar-alliance\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>International Solar Alliance (ISA) <\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to encourage global solar energy adoption.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Subsidise LPG<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Subsidise LPG to replace traditional biomass fuels like wood and dung cakes, thereby reducing indoor air pollution and deforestation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Encourage Biogas Plants<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Promote biogas plants that use cow dung as a clean energy source and organic fertiliser, improving energy access and soil quality in rural communities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Increase CNG Use<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Increase the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) in public transportation systems to reduce urban air pollution and improve air quality.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mini-Hydel Plants<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Install small-scale hydropower solutions, particularly in mountainous areas, to generate local electricity with minimal environmental impact.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Restore Traditional Healthcare<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Promote traditional healthcare systems like Ayurveda, which provide eco-friendly treatments with few side effects.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Adopt Sustainable Agriculture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Encourage the use of compost, natural fertilisers, and biopesticides in agriculture to improve soil health and reduce chemical inputs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Promote Electric Vehicles<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Encourage the use of electric vehicles (EVs) and build the necessary charging infrastructure to reduce emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Strengthen Climate Resilience<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Implement disaster preparedness and climate adaptation strategies to better address the effects of climate change.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustainable Development UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Question 1: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Define the concept of the carrying capacity of an ecosystem as relevant to an environment. Explain how understanding this concept is vital while planning for the sustainable development of a region.\u00a0 <\/span><b>(UPSC Mains 2019)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Question 2:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u201cR2 Code of Practices\u201d constitute a tool available for promoting the adoption of <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2021)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Environmentally responsible practices in the electronics recycling industry<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Ecological management of \u2018\u2019Wetlands of International Importance\u201d under the Ramsar Convention<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Sustainable practices in the cultivation of agricultural crops in degraded lands<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) \u2018\u2019Environmental Impact Assessment\u2019\u2019 in the exploitation of natural resources<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Answer: (a)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Question 3:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In rural road construction, the use of which of the following is preferred for ensuring environmental sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint? <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2020)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Copper slag<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cold mix asphalt technology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geotextiles<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hot mix asphalt technology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Portland cement<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Select the correct answer using the code given below:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1, 2 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2, 3 and 4 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) 4 and 5 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) 1 and 5 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Answer: (a)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Question 4: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) a UN mechanism to assist countries transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2018)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) The Earth Summit on Sustainable Development 2002, Johannesburg<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development 2012, Rio de Janeiro<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2015, Paris<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) The World Sustainable Development Summit 2016, New Delhi<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Answer: (b)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 150px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sectors-of-indian-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Sectors of Indian Economy<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sustainable-development\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Sustainable Development<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/blue-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Blue Economy<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sustainable-development-goals\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Sustainable Development Goals<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/green-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Green Economy<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/digital-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Digital Economy<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/circular-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Circular Economy<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/resource-mobilisation\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Resource Mobilisation<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/economic-growth-and-development\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Economic Growth and Development<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sustainable development promotes economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. Check more about Sustainable Development, meaning, and Initiatives.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":13479,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,38],"tags":[40,1382,1033],"class_list":{"0":"post-13431","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-economy-notes","8":"category-upsc-notes","9":"tag-quest","10":"tag-sustainable-development","11":"tag-upsc-economy-notes"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13431"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21214,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13431\/revisions\/21214"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13479"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}