

{"id":19659,"date":"2026-04-04T11:01:59","date_gmt":"2026-04-04T05:31:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=19659"},"modified":"2026-04-10T18:15:49","modified_gmt":"2026-04-10T12:45:49","slug":"nobel-prize-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/nobel-prize-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Nobel Prize 2025, Winners List, Categories, Names, Research"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Nobel Prize 2025 honours 14 laureates whose groundbreaking work has provided the greatest benefit to humankind across six disciplines of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. From demonstrating quantum tunnelling at a macroscopic scale and developing metal\u2013organic frameworks for sustainable solutions, to uncovering the immune system\u2019s regulatory mechanisms, these discoveries redefine our understanding of science and society.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The literary Nobel Prize celebrates L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Krasznahorkai\u2019s visionary portrayal of human resilience amidst chaos, while the Nobel Peace Prize recognises Maria Corina Machado\u2019s courageous fight for democracy in Venezuela. In Economic Sciences, Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt illuminate the driving forces of innovation-led growth and creative destruction, offering vital insights for sustaining global progress.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nobel Prize 2025 Winners List<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Six Nobel Prizes were awarded for contributions that have brought the greatest benefit to humanity, recognising 14 laureates whose groundbreaking achievements span from quantum tunnelling to the advancement of democratic rights.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 92.8854%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center;width: 14.414%\"><b>Field<\/b><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center;width: 25.8287%\"><b>Nobel Prize Winners 2025<\/b><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"text-align: center;width: 51.8415%\"><b>Awarded For<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.414%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Physics<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.8287%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.8415%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For their discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and the energy quantisation in an electric circuit.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.414%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chemistry<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.8287%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson and Omar M. Yaghi<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.8415%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the development of metal-organic frameworks.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.414%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Physiology\/Medicine<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.8287%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Shimon Sakaguchi<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.8415%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.414%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Literature<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.8287%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Krasznahorkai<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.8415%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For his powerful and visionary body of work that, amid apocalyptic darkness, reasserts the enduring strength and significance of art.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.414%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Peace<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.8287%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maria Corina Machado<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.8415%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For her steadfast advocacy of democratic rights in Venezuela and her determined pursuit of a peaceful shift from dictatorship to democracy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 14.414%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Economic Sciences<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.8287%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.8415%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nobel Prize 2025 Physics Winners<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-prize-in-physics\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Nobel Prize in Physics<\/strong><\/a> was awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis. They did a series of experiments showing that the strange features of the quantum world can be made real in a system large enough to hold in your hand.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image18.webp\" alt=\"Nobel Prize Physics 2025\" title=\"Nobel Prize Physics 2025\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: 399px;\" \/>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Area of Research<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quantum mechanics says a particle can go straight through a barrier, a process known as <\/span><b><i>tunnelling<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But when there are lots of particles, these quantum effects become negligible.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Nobel laureates proved that quantum properties can be seen on a bigger scale.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image15-1.webp\" alt=\"Josephson Junction\" title=\"Josephson Junction\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: auto;\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 1984 and 1985, John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis did experiments using an electronic circuit made of superconductors. These materials can conduct electricity without any resistance.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The superconducting parts were separated by a thin, non-conductive layer, known as a <\/span><b><i>Josephson junction.<\/i><\/b><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">By carefully studying all the properties of the circuit, they could control and explore what happened when they passed a current through it.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The charged particles in the superconductor acted like a single particle that filled the whole circuit.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This system, acting like a single particle, started in a state where current flowed without any voltage.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was stuck in that state, as if behind a barrier it couldn\u2019t cross. In the experiment, the system showed its quantum nature by escaping that zero-voltage state through tunnelling. The change was detected when a voltage appeared.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The laureates also showed that the system acted as predicted by quantum mechanics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was <\/span><b><i>quantised<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, meaning it could only gain or lose energy in specific amounts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quantum Tunneling<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quantum tunnelling comes from the wave-like behaviour of matter, as described by Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger in 1926.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In classical physics, a particle can\u2019t go over a barrier if it doesn\u2019t have enough energy. But in quantum physics, particles act like waves that can stretch into areas that classical physics says are impossible.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if a barrier is too high for a particle to go over, there\u2019s still a chance its wave will \u201cleak\u201d through to the other side.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This process is called tunnelling and explains many natural things.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, tunnelling helps explain radioactive decay, where alpha particles escape from the nucleus.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It also makes nuclear fusion possible in the Sun, where protons need to get past their repulsion.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tunnelling has been proven many times at the microscopic level and is used in technologies like flash memory and quantum sensors.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But until the 1980s, physicists thought tunnelling couldn\u2019t happen in anything bigger than an atom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nobel Prize 2025 Chemistry Winners<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson and Omar Yaghi received the 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-prize-in-chemistry\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Nobel Prize in Chemistry<\/strong><\/a> for pioneering a novel form of molecular architecture.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image1-2.webp\" alt=\"Nobel Prize 2025 Chemistry\" title=\"Nobel Prize 2025 Chemistry\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: auto;\" \/>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Metal Organic Frameworks<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In their work, metal ions act as the main parts that are connected by long organic molecules made of carbon.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Together, these metals and organic molecules form crystals with big empty spaces inside. These types of materials are called metal\u2013organic frameworks, or MOFs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">By changing the parts used to build the MOFs, scientists can make them capture and store certain substances.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">MOFs can also help in chemical reactions or carry electricity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Metal\u2013organic frameworks have a lot of potential, offering new possibilities for making materials with special functions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This started in 1989 when Richard Robson tried to use atoms in a new way.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image12-1.webp\" alt=\"Metal Organic Framework\" title=\"Metal Organic Framework\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: auto;\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He used copper ions that had a positive charge along with a molecule that had four arms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Each arm ended with a part that could stick to copper ions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When these were put together, they formed a neat and open crystal, like a diamond with many hollow spaces inside.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Robson quickly saw the promise of his design, but it wasn\u2019t strong and often collapsed.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, Susumu Kitagawa and Omar Yaghi helped make this method more solid.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Between 1992 and 2003, they each made big discoveries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kitagawa found that gases could pass through the structure and predicted that MOFs could be made to change shape.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yaghi made a very strong MOF and showed that it could be designed with specific properties, giving it new and useful abilities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">After these discoveries, chemists have created tens of thousands of different MOFs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some of these could help solve some of the biggest problems facing people today, with uses such as,<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Removing PFAS from water,<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Breaking down small amounts of medicine in the environment,<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Capturing carbon dioxide or collecting water from the air in deserts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image11-1.webp\" alt=\"image11\" title=\"image11\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: auto;\" \/>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nobel Prize 2025 Physiology Medicine\u00a0 Winners<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-prize-in-medicine\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine<\/strong><\/a> 2025 was given to Mary E. Brunkow, Frederick J. Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi. They were honored for their work on peripheral immune tolerance. The scientists found the immune system's special guards, called <\/span><b><i>regulatory T cells<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which stop immune cells from attacking the body.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image9-1.webp\" alt=\"Nobel Prize 2025 in Medicine in 2025\" title=\"Nobel Prize 2025 in Medicine in 2025\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: auto;\" \/>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 1995, Shimon Sakaguchi made an important discovery. At that time, many scientists believed that immune tolerance happened when harmful immune cells were removed in the thymus, a process called central tolerance.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sakaguchi showed that the immune system was more complex than thought and found a new type of immune cell that helps protect the body from autoimmune diseases.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2001, Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell made another key discovery.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They explained why a certain mouse strain was very prone to autoimmune diseases. They found that these mice had a mutation in a gene called Foxp3.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They also showed that similar mutations in humans can cause a serious disease called IPEX.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Two years later, Sakaguchi linked these findings.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He proved that the Foxp3 gene controls the development of the cells he discovered in 1995.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These cells, now known as regulatory T cells, watch over other immune cells and ensure that the immune system doesn\u2019t attack the body\u2019s own tissues.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The discoveries by the three scientists started the field of peripheral tolerance.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This has led to new treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. It may also help make organ transplants more successful. Some of these treatments are already being tested in clinical trials.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">T-Cells<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">T cells, are a type of white blood cell that plays an important role in the immune system.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They are one of two main types of lymphocytes, the other being B cells. These cells help the body recognize and respond to foreign substances called antigens.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">T cells are made in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the thymus, they grow and develop into different types, such as helper T cells, regulatory T cells, or killer T cells.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They can also become memory T cells, which help the body remember previous infections.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Helper T cells:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> They constantly move through the body. If they find an invading microbe, they signal other immune cells to attack.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Killer T cells:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> These cells destroy infected cells, like those infected by viruses or bacteria. They can also kill cancer cells.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>T-cell receptors:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> These are special proteins on the surface of T cells.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These act like sensors that allow T cells to check other cells for signs of infection or damage.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Each T-cell receptor has a different shape, much like jigsaw pieces.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These shapes are created by combining multiple genes in different ways. This means the body can make more than 1015 different T-cell receptors.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image6-1.webp\" alt=\"T Cells Discovering Virus\" title=\"image6\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: auto;\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the 1980s, scientists learned that when T cells mature in the thymus, they go through a test that removes any T cells that recognize the body\u2019s own proteins. This process is known as <\/span><b><i>central tolerance.<\/i><\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image3-2.webp\" alt=\"Central Tolerance\" title=\"Central Tolerance\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: auto;\" \/>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nobel Prize 2025 in Literature Winner<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-prize-in-literature\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Nobel Prize in Literature<\/strong><\/a> for 2025 is awarded to the Hungarian author L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Krasznahorkai for his powerful and visionary body of work that, amid apocalyptic darkness, reasserts the enduring strength and significance of art.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image19.webp\" alt=\"Nobel Prize 2025 in Literature\" title=\"Nobel Prize 2025 in Literature\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: auto;\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Krasznahorkai is a master of epic writing in the Central European tradition, following the lineage of Kafka and Thomas Bernhard, distinguished by its elements of absurdism and grotesque intensity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Often likened to literary giants like Fyodor Dostoevsky and Herman Melville, his dystopian, absurd, and melancholic narratives reflect life in Hungary under oppression and beyond, spanning the pre- and post-Iron Curtain eras with haunting relevance to the present day.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nobel Peace Prize 2025<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/current-affairs\/nobel-peace-prize-2025\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Nobel Peace Prize 2025<\/strong><\/a> was awarded to Maria Corina Machado for her steadfast advocacy of democratic rights in Venezuela and her determined pursuit of a peaceful shift from dictatorship to democracy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image4-1.webp\" alt=\"Nobel Peace Prize 2025\" title=\"Nobel Peace Prize 2025\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: auto;\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maria Corina Machado, a leading figure in Venezuela\u2019s pro-democracy movement, stands as a remarkable symbol of civilian courage and resilience in contemporary Latin America.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ms. Machado has played a pivotal role in uniting a once-fragmented political opposition, bringing diverse factions together around the shared pursuit of free elections and democratic governance.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nobel Prize 2025 Economic Sciences Winners<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to give the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2025 to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt. They were chosen \"for having explained innovation-driven economic growth.\"<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Half of the prize was awarded to Joel Mokyr for identifying the essential conditions for long-term growth driven by technological progress, while the other half was jointly given to Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt for their theory of sustained growth through creative destruction.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image7-1.webp\" alt=\"Nobel Prize 2025 in Economics\" title=\"Nobel Prize 2025 in Economics\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: auto;\" \/>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Research<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This year\u2019s winners used different approaches to answer the same question: What causes long-term economic growth?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Joel Mokyr\u2019s work in economic history shows that a steady stream of <\/span><b><i>useful knowledge<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is essential. This knowledge comes in two forms:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first is propositional knowledge, which is a clear explanation of how things in the natural world work.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The second is prescriptive knowledge, like practical instructions, drawings, or recipes that tell you what you need to do to make something work.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mokyr also argues that societies must be open to change for growth to continue.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image8-1.webp\" alt=\"image8\" title=\"image8\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\" style=\"width: auto; height: auto;\" \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt developed a mathematical economic model demonstrating how technological innovation drives sustained economic growth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aghion and Howitt\u2019s model explains how innovation drives economic growth through \u201ccreative destruction,\u201d where firms invest in R&amp;D for monopoly profits, but innovations replace old ones, balancing growth, savings, investment, and general economic equilibrium.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aghion and Howitt\u2019s model reveals that an overly concentrated market structure can suppress innovation and slow economic growth.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Balanced competition, support for displaced workers through flexicurity, and strong social mobility are crucial for fostering innovation, productivity, and sustainable economic growth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mokyr, Aghion, and Howitt\u2019s research highlights that while innovation drives growth, it also creates challenges like inequality and environmental harm.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sustained growth needs balanced policies, academic freedom, global knowledge sharing, and prevention of market dominance to avoid economic stagnation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Nobel Prize 2025 honoured 14 laureates for transformative contributions in science, literature, peace, and economics, benefiting humanity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":19656,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[1622],"class_list":{"0":"post-19659","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-science-and-technology-notes","8":"tag-nobel-prize-2025"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19659","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19659"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19659\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21229,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19659\/revisions\/21229"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19656"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19659"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19659"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19659"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}