{"id":19674,"date":"2025-10-17T17:56:04","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T12:26:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=19674"},"modified":"2025-10-17T17:56:04","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T12:26:04","slug":"fundamental-forces-in-nature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/fundamental-forces-in-nature\/","title":{"rendered":"Fundamental Forces in Nature, Types, Effects, Laws of Motion"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fundamental forces of nature, the strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force, and gravitational force operate in the universe. These forces govern every interaction, from the tiniest subatomic particles to the largest cosmic structures. Each force differs in strength, range, and function, yet together they shape the fabric of matter, motion, and energy in the universe.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the strong and weak nuclear forces dominate at the atomic level, electromagnetic forces control most physical and chemical interactions, and gravity binds celestial bodies across vast distances. Understanding these fundamental forces in nature provides the foundation for modern physics, explaining everything from the stability of atoms to the motion of planets and the evolution of the cosmos itself.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Four Fundamental Forces in Nature<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The four fundamental forces in nature, the S<\/span><b>trong<\/b> <b>Force, Weak Force, Electromagnetic Force, and the Force of Gravity, control everything in the universe<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. They work over different ranges and have different strengths. All three fundamental forces except gravity are carried by <\/span><b>gauge bosons, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">the force-carrying fundamental particles.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image4-2.webp\" alt=\"Four Fundamental Forces\" title=\"Four Fundamental Forces\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\"  \/>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strong Force<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The strong force or strong interaction holds together the <\/span><b>protons <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><b>neutrons <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in the nucleus; thus, it is an attractive force like <\/span><b>gravity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. It overcomes the<\/span><b> repulsive forces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> between protons (due to the same charge), makes the <\/span><b>atom <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">stable and forms the essence of the elements.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mode of action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: It holds the oppositely charged quarks that make up neutrons and protons together.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Within its range, <\/span><b>gluon bosons (a fundamental particle)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> transmit the strong force between quarks and keep them \"glued\" together.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A minute fraction of the strong force, called the <\/span><b>residual strong force<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, acts between protons and neutrons. The residual strong force overcomes the repulsion between protons, so the particles stay bound in an <\/span><b>atom's nucleus.<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/Strong-Force.png\" alt=\"Strong Force\" title=\"Strong Force\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\"  \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Strength and limit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: It is the strongest of all the forces, but is effective only over a very short range, at the level of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/subatomic-particles\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>subatomic particles<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is about 100 times stronger than the <\/span><b>electromagnetic force<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and 6\u271510<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">39<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> times stronger than gravity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contrary to the other fundamental forces, it is peculiar in that it becomes weaker as subatomic particles get closer to one another; the strongest interaction occurs when the particles are separated from one another the most.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its influence quickly diminishes for anything bigger than the <\/span><b>nucleus <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">of a medium-sized atom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Weak Force<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The weak force is responsible for how subatomic particles interact with one another and for <\/span><b>transforming <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">one type of subatomic particle into another.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image11-2.webp\" alt=\"Weak Force\" title=\"Weak Force\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\"  \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mode of action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: <\/span><b>W and Z bosons<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are the carriers of the Weak force. These bosons are exchanged between subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons when they are within 10<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">-18<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> meters of one another. The result is the transformation into <\/span><b>new subatomic particles.<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In an atom, if a neutrino comes too close to a neutron, the neutron can become a proton while the neutrino itself transforms into an electron. Thus, it would turn that element into a different type. A down quark in a neutron is converted into an up quark in this process.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Examples <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">are the phenomena occurring in the <\/span><b>Sun <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><b>radioactive decay.<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Strength and limit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The Weak force is about a million times weaker than the Strong force, though it is still significantly stronger than Gravity.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It operates on the smallest distance scales, even smaller than that of the Strong force.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Electromagnetic Force<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Electromagnetism includes both <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/electricity-and-magnetism\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>electricity and magnetism<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, unified by <\/span><b>James Clerk Maxwell <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in 1865. They are linked - a moving electric field produces a magnetic field, and vice versa. Also called the <\/span><b>Lorentz force <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(<\/span><b>F<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> = q<\/span><b>E<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> + q<\/span><b>v<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u00d7 <\/span><b>B<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), it includes the <\/span><b>Electrostatic force<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (due to charge at rest) and the <\/span><b>Magnetic effect of current<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (due to charge in motion). The stationary charge creates an electric field, whereas when in motion, it creates a magnetic field.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mode of action<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Electromagnetic forces are transmitted between charged particles through the exchange of bosons called <\/span><b>photons <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(also the particle components of <\/span><b>light waves<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">).<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These force-carrying photons are, however, a different manifestation of the photon particles.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Examples of Electromagnetic force<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">:\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the cause of some of the most frequently observed phenomena, including <\/span><b>Friction <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">between rough surfaces, <\/span><b>Tension <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in strings, <\/span><b>Elasticity <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in springs, <\/span><b>Normal <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">force (the apparent weight), and the <\/span><b>Intermolecular force<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that holds the matter particles together.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even our television sets are powered by this force - carried by light, it keeps electrons in orbit around atomic nuclei and allows chemical compounds to form.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Strength and limit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Electromagnetism has an infinite range, and its force diminishes with the square of the distance between objects. It is <\/span><b>stronger than gravity and the weak force<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">,\u00a0 but <\/span><b>weaker than the<\/b> <b>strong nuclear force<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gravitational Force<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gravity, the most familiar type of force, is the force of attraction between two masses or energy. It is the only force that does not fit into the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/standard-model-of-particle-physics\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Standard Model of Particle Physics<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Thus, it is the only force that does not have a force carrier particle (although it has been hypothesised that a <\/span><b>graviton <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">might be that particle).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/d35xcwcl37xo08.cloudfront.net\/upsc-exam-wp-uploads\/2025\/10\/image7-2.webp\" alt=\"Gravitational Force\" title=\"Gravitational Force\" class=\"my-image my-image-size-full my-image-align-none\"  \/>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Gravity as per Newton<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: According to Newton, gravity is universal and between two objects having mass.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Its strength increases with the increase in mass but decreases with the increase in the distance between two objects.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Gravity and the General Theory of Relativity: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The general theory of relativity, developed by <\/span><b>Albert Einstein<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, describes gravity as bending and curving (warping and ripples) in the fabric of space-time.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The presence of mass causes a warp and curve in space-time, which attracts objects together.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is strongest where the spacetime is most curved, whereas it vanishes where the spacetime is flat.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Effect of gravity on light<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Gravity does not merely pull mass, but it also affects <\/span><b>light.<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/black-hole\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Black holes<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> have so much gravity that they absorb even light.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Gravitational lensing <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is a phenomenon in which a large body, such as a galaxy cluster, causes the light to be curved (change in path), as if by a lens.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Examples:<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The effects of gravity are the most macro examples that we see in our daily lives, from experiencing <\/span><b>weight<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to even observing<\/span><b> geographical and geological phenomena<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Weight <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">is the gravitational<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">force exerted by the Earth on any object. Mathematically, it is equal to \u2018mg\u2019, where m is the mass of the object and g is the acceleration due to gravity, subject to the position of the object within the Earth\u2019s gravitational field.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Strength and limit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Gravity is the weakest force, but strong enough to hold the <\/span><b>stars <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(and our solar system), galaxies, and even the universe together.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like electromagnetic force, it has an infinite range, and its force diminishes with the square of the distance between objects.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In comparison to the other <\/span><b>fundamental forces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, gravity has almost no influence at the <\/span><b>molecular <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and <\/span><b>atomic level.<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fundamental Forces in Nature Effects\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When a force is exerted on an object, the position, velocity, etc. of the object is affected. The classical relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it is described by <\/span><b>Newton's laws of motion.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fundamental Forces in Nature and Laws of Motion<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>First Law of Motion<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: If the net external force on the object is zero (balanced), its <\/span><b>acceleration <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">would also be zero.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">That is, there will be no change in the object's state - it will continue to be either at <\/span><b>rest <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">or move with a <\/span><b>constant velocity.<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Second Law of Motion:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> If the net external force is not zero, then there will be an acceleration of the object in the direction of the <\/span><b>Net Force<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The acceleration a will be equal to <\/span><b>net Force\/mass<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Third Law of Motion:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It states that every action (force) has an equal and opposite reaction.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In other words, if object A exerts a force on object B, then B would also exert the same force, equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Pseudo Force: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only an observer in an <\/span><b>inertial frame of reference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (one that is either at rest or moving at a constant speed) can accurately apply <\/span><b>Newton's laws of motion<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">If not, the observer (of the non-inertial frame of reference) would need to apply an additional force (referred to as a pseudo force) to the object in the direction opposite to the observer\u2019s own acceleration to ensure that the laws of motion are accurate.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>pseudo force<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is therefore not a real force. The observer with the non-inertial frame of reference is the only one who uses it.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Centrifugal force, Coriolis force<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, etc., are examples of pseudo-force.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fundamental Forces in Nature and Work, Power &amp; Energy<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">When the force is exerted on an object and if there is a change in the position of the object, we say that the work has been done on the object. They can also convert the energy of one form to another.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Work<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Work is calculated as the force multiplied by the displacement of the object in the direction of the force. The Newton meter (Nm) or <\/span><b>joule <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(J) is the <\/span><b>SI unit for work.<\/b><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Power<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Power is the rate at which an amount of work is completed per unit of time. The SI unit of Power is the <\/span><b>Watt (W).<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Energy: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Energy is the capacity to do work. It is the currency that must be spent to do any work. In other words, a body's energy equals the total amount of work it is capable of.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Unit: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Energy is measured in the same unit as work, the <\/span><b>joule <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(J).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Examples: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kinetic energy, Potential energy, Heat energy, Light energy, etc.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Conservation of Energy: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be <\/span><b>transformed <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">from one form into another.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Waves<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Energy can be <\/span><b>translocated <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">from one point to another via<\/span><b> waves<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (<\/span><b>mechanical<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as well as <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/electromagnetic-waves\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>electromagnetic waves<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fundamental Forces in Nature PYQs\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Question 1. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The known forces of nature can be divided into four classes, viz., gravity, electromagnetism, weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force. With reference to them, which one of the following statements is not correct?<\/span><b> (UPSC Prelims 2013)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gravity is the strongest of the four<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Electromagnetism acts only on particles with an electric charge<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Weak nuclear force causes radioactivity<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strong nuclear force holds protons and neutrons inside the nucleus of an atom<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (a)<\/b><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The four fundamental forces in nature govern all interactions, shaping matter, motion, and energy from atomic stability to cosmic evolution.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":19684,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[1624],"class_list":{"0":"post-19674","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-science-and-technology-notes","8":"tag-fundamental-forces-in-nature"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19674","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19674"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19674\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20027,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19674\/revisions\/20027"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19674"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19674"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19674"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}