{"id":2568,"date":"2026-01-05T12:38:45","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T07:08:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2568"},"modified":"2026-01-06T10:44:46","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T05:14:46","slug":"emergency-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/emergency-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Emergency in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>What is an Emergency under the Indian constitution?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>When an\u00a0<strong>extraordinary situation<\/strong>\u00a0arises, and that situation cannot be handled with the existing administrative mechanisms, the constitution provides for the imposition of an emergency so that the situation can be handled effectively.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Constitutional provisions:\u00a0<\/strong>The emergency provisions are dealt with in\u00a0<strong>Articles 352 to 360 of Part XVIII\u00a0<\/strong>of the Indian constitution.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Purpose:<\/strong>\u00a0The purpose of incorporation is to protect the Constitution, the democratic political system, financial stability and the sovereignty, unity, integrity, and security of the nation.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Indian constitution provides for the below three kinds of emergencies;\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>National Emergency (Articles 352-354, 358-359)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>President\u2019s rule (Articles 355-357)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Financial Emergency (Article 360)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Articles<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Provisions<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>352<\/td>\r\n<td>Proclamation of National emergency<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>353<\/td>\r\n<td>Effect of the proclamation of National emergency<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>354<\/td>\r\n<td>Application of provisions relating to the distribution of revenues during national emergency<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>355<\/td>\r\n<td>Duty of Union to protect states from external aggression and internal disturbances<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>356<\/td>\r\n<td>Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in states<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>357<\/td>\r\n<td>Exercise of legislative powers under a proclamation issued under article 356<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>358<\/td>\r\n<td>Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>359<\/td>\r\n<td>Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by part III during emergencies<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>360<\/td>\r\n<td>Provisions as to financial emergency<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2><strong>What is a National Emergency?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>A National emergency can be imposed when the entire nation or a part of it is threatened by an extraordinary situation. A national emergency is classified into two types based on the origin of the threat; internal emergency and external emergency.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Constitutional processes during a National Emergency<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Grounds for proclamation:\u00a0<\/strong>When war, external aggression (external emergency), or armed rebellion (internal emergency) threatens the security of India or a part of it, the president is authorized by Article 352 to proclaim a national emergency.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The term \u201cArmed rebellion\u201d replaced \u201cInternal disturbance\u201d by the 44th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The President may declare a national emergency, even before the occurrence of the actual threat.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Parliamentary approval:\u00a0<\/strong>Within one month after the date of its issuance, it must be ratified by both houses of parliament.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>If the Lok Sabha is not in session or has been dissolved, the proclamation\u00a0<strong>must be approved within 30 days<\/strong>\u00a0from the first sitting of the newly constituted Lok Sabha.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Duration of emergency:<\/strong>\u00a0Normally, the emergency will be in effect for six months after approval.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>However, such a proclamation may be extended indefinitely, with each extension receiving Parliamentary approval by a special majority every six months.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Revocation:\u00a0<\/strong>The President may revoke the state of emergency at any time by issuing a new proclamation to that effect.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Also, if the Lok Sabha adopts a resolution by a simple majority rejecting the continuation of the emergency, the emergency stands revoked.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Impacts of imposition of a <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/national-emergency-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Emergency<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>The normal political structure is impacted by the declaration of an emergency.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Effects on the\u00a0<\/strong><strong>centre-state relations<\/strong><strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>While a proclamation of Emergency is in force, the<strong>\u00a0normal fabric of centre-state relations undergoes a basic change.<\/strong>\u00a0this can be studied under three heads:\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Executive:\u00a0<\/strong>During a national emergency, the centre's executive authority extends to advising any state on how to exercise its executive authority.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Legislative:\u00a0<\/strong>The parliament has the<strong>\u00a0authority to enact laws on any item included in the state list<\/strong>\u00a0during a national emergency.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Financial:\u00a0<\/strong>The president has the authority to\u00a0<strong>scale back or stop the distribution of funds<\/strong>\u00a0from the central government to the states while a declaration of a national emergency is being considered.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Impact on the Life of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly:<\/strong>\u00a0When the national emergency is proclaimed, it will also alter the working of the legislative bodies both at the central and state level.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Prolonging Lok Sabha:\u00a0<\/strong>During a National emergency, Lok Sabha\u2019s term may be prolonged beyond its regular term for up to one year at a time, which can be valid for up to six months after the emerg had ended.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Prolonging state Assembly:\u00a0<\/strong>Similar to this, during a national emergency, the Parliament may repeatedly extend the normal term of a state Legislative Assembly by one year, up to a maximum of six months after the situation has ended.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Effect on\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Fundamental rights<\/strong><strong>:\u00a0<\/strong>The impact of a National emergency on Fundamental rights is described in articles 358 and 359 of the constitution.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Suspension of fundamental rights under Article 19:\u00a0<\/strong>The six fundamental rights under Article 19 are\u00a0<strong>immediately suspended<\/strong>\u00a0when a proclamation of national emergency is made, under Article 358. Their suspension does not require a separate court order.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Suspension of other <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/fundamental-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\">Fundamental rights<\/a>:\u00a0<\/strong>According to Article 359, during a national emergency, the president is authorized to suspend the right to petition any court for the enforcement of fundamental rights. In other words,\u00a0<strong>only their enforcement is delayed\u00a0<\/strong>rather than the fundamental rights themselves.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>What is a President\u2019s Rule?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>The centre has a responsibility to make sure that each state government operates in\u00a0<strong>accordance with the provisions of the constitution<\/strong>. If the constitutional machinery fails in the state, the centre can assume control of the state. This is famously known as President\u2019s rule.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Consequences of the President's rule:\u00a0<\/strong>The\u00a0<strong>Governor<\/strong><strong>\u00a0carries on with the administration<\/strong>\u00a0of the state on behalf of the President.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>He\/she takes the help of the state's Chief Secretary and other advisors\/administrators whom he or she can appoint.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Also, the President has the power to declare that the state legislature's powers would be exercised by the Parliament.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Constitutional processes during a President\u2019s Rule<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Grounds of imposition:\u00a0<\/strong>Under Article 356, the president may be declared the ruler for the following two reasons:\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>If the President is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of a state<strong>\u00a0cannot be carried out in conformity with the provisions of the constitution<\/strong>, he\/she is authorized by Article 356 to issue a proclamation.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>According to Article 365, the President may declare that a situation has arisen in which the state's administration cannot be carried out\u00a0<strong>in accordance with the provisions of the constitution<\/strong>\u00a0or whenever a state refuses to comply with any directive given by the centre.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Parliamentary approval and duration:\u00a0<\/strong>Parliamentary approval is necessary to impose President's rule on any state. The proclamation of the President's rule should be approved in both Houses of Parliament within two months. The approval is through a simple majority.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>What is a Financial Emergency?<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>Article 360 empowers the President to proclaim a financial emergency if he\/she is satisfied that a situation has arisen due to which the financial stability or credit of India or any part of its territory is threatened.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Constitutional processes during a Financial Emergency<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Approval:\u00a0<\/strong>Within two months, the Parliament must pass a resolution approving the financial emergency with a simple majority.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Duration:<\/strong>\u00a0The financial emergency lasts indefinitely after being approved by the parliament until it is cancelled. This means that<strong>\u00a0there is no fixed maximum term for its operation<\/strong>\u00a0and that\u00a0<strong>parliamentary permission is not required repeatedly<\/strong>\u00a0for it to continue.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Withdrawal:\u00a0<\/strong>By issuing another proclamation to that effect, the president may declare the emergency to be over. A revocation of this nature does not need parliamentary approval.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>Effects of a Financial Emergency<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Expansion of the Union's executive power<\/strong>\u00a0over the States' financial affairs.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Reduction in the pay and benefits<\/strong>\u00a0received by all or certain classes of state employees.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>After being approved by the state legislature, all money bills and other financial bills are\u00a0<strong>reserved for the President's approval.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Supreme Court and High Court judges, as well as any other class of employees who serve the Union, are to have their\u00a0<strong>salaries and benefits reduced<\/strong>, according to a directive from the President.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related 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threat.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":7886,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[81,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-2568","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-notes","8":"tag-emergency-in-india","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2568","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2568"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2568\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22809,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2568\/revisions\/22809"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7886"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2568"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2568"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2568"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}