{"id":2596,"date":"2026-01-05T12:46:57","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T07:16:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2596"},"modified":"2026-01-06T10:45:08","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T05:15:08","slug":"defence-technology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/defence-technology\/","title":{"rendered":"Defence Technology, Conventional and Emerging, Challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"

Defence technology<\/strong>\u00a0is a broad term that refers to the\u00a0use of technology in military operations,\u00a0<\/strong>including the research, development, procurement, and deployment of systems and equipment used by armed forces to protect national interests. With the emergence of\u00a0cyberwarfare, artificial technology, hypersonic missiles,<\/strong>\u00a0etc., the nature of warfare is changing. Technology plays a crucial role in redefining conflict parameters, particularly in hybrid warfare, replacing the human-centric approach.<\/p>\r\n

India<\/strong>\u00a0has also emphasised\u00a0defence and aerospace<\/strong>\u00a0as a priority for the\u00a0'Atma Nirbhar Bharat',<\/strong>\u00a0with a strong focus on the building of\u00a0indigenous manufacturing infrastructure\u00a0<\/strong>supported by a necessary research and development environment.<\/p>\r\n

Domains of Warfare<\/h2>\r\n

The domains of warfare are\u00a0physically defined areas<\/strong>\u00a0of an operational environment that require unique warfighting skills and capabilities. They are in three dimensions:\u00a0physical, human, and information.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

    \r\n\t
  • The\u00a0multi-domain operations (MDO)\u00a0<\/strong>and joint all-domain operations (JADO) models in defence include four physical domains:\u00a0sea, air, land, and space.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
  • It also has one functional domain called\u00a0cyber and electromagnetic spectrum (EMS),\u00a0<\/strong>known collectively as the five operational or warfighting domains.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Land domain:\u00a0<\/strong>Historically,\u00a0territorial conflicts and expansion<\/strong>\u00a0were limited to land, which could be accessed by\u00a0foot or mechanised means.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
  • Sea domain:\u00a0<\/strong>The\u00a0ability to sail oceans<\/strong>\u00a0created new fronts for warfare, with governments assembling massive ships to\u00a0project power, control trade routes, and conquer new territory.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
  • Air domain:<\/strong>\u00a0The invention of\u00a0aeroplanes<\/strong>\u00a0established air as a new arena in warfare. Technological advances have made air power play a critical role in military strategy, providing deep\u00a0reach and flexibility.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
  • Space domain: Space has evolved as the most recent domain in combat, with satellites used for surveillance, communication, navigation, early warning systems, and reconnaissance.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
  • Example:\u00a0<\/strong>Mission Shakti, India's first-ever\u00a0anti-satellite missile test (ASAT)<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
  • Cyber and Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS):\u00a0<\/strong>Cyberwarfare targets\u00a0digital infrastructure, computer systems, and networks.\u00a0<\/strong>EMS is a unique domain as it will always interact with all other domains.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Example:<\/strong>\u00a0The\u00a0Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)<\/strong>\u00a0is working on a DURGA 2 laser weapon. (directed-energy weapons)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

    Conventional Defence Technology<\/h2>\r\n

    These are well-established technologies that have been in use for some time. They form the backbone of military capabilities and strategies. Following are some examples of conventional defence technology:<\/p>\r\n

      \r\n\t
    • Rifles and Firearms:\u00a0<\/strong>Traditional small arms, including rifles, pistols, and machine guns.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Tanks and Armored Vehicles:<\/strong>\u00a0Battle tanks, armoured personnel carriers, and other tracked or wheeled vehicles.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Aircraft:\u00a0<\/strong>Fighter jets, bombers, transport planes, and helicopters.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Naval Vessels:<\/strong>\u00a0Ships, submarines, and aircraft carriers.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Missiles and Rockets:<\/strong>\u00a0Surface-to-air missiles, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Artillery:\u00a0<\/strong>Cannons, howitzers, and rocket launchers.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Electronic Warfare Systems:<\/strong>\u00a0Jamming devices, radar systems, and communication equipment.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Cybersecurity Measures:<\/strong>\u00a0Protecting military networks and information systems.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

      Emerging Defence Technology<\/h2>\r\n

      \u2018Emerging Technology\u2019 refers to the development of either a new technology or the continuing advancement of existing technologies, which may be widely available in the near future.<\/p>\r\n

        \r\n\t
      • Artificial intelligence (AI):<\/strong>\u00a0This has applications ranging from\u00a0data analysis to autonomous decision-making systems.<\/strong>\r\n
          \r\n\t
        • Example: US Army Project Maven<\/strong>\u00a0uses AI to interpret video images and improve the targeting of drone strikes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
        • Hypersonic missiles:\u00a0<\/strong>A hypersonic missile is a weapon that can travel at\u00a0Mach 5 or faster,\u00a0<\/strong>which is at least five times the speed of sound.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\t
          • Example:\u00a0<\/strong>Russia\u2019s\u00a0Kinzhal missile.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
          • Internet of Military Things (IoMT):\u00a0<\/strong>It is a network of devices that use the\u00a0internet to increase military capabilities.<\/strong>\u00a0It links\u00a0sensors, weapons, and vehicles<\/strong>\u00a0to improve situational awareness and operational efficiency.\r\n\r\n
              \r\n\t
            • Example:\u00a0<\/strong>The use of\u00a0armed, unmanned aerial drones<\/strong>\u00a0on the battlefield.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
            • Military drones:<\/strong>\u00a0They are also known as\u00a0unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).\u00a0<\/strong>They are remote-controlled devices used in military warfare. They are used for surveillance, intelligence, and target acquisition.\r\n\r\n
                \r\n\t
              • Example: MQ-9B armed drones<\/strong>\u00a0of the US army.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
              • Robotics\u00a0<\/strong>and autonomous systems:<\/strong>\u00a0Defence robots are\u00a0professional service robots\u00a0<\/strong>used by the military in war situations. They are frequently designed to improve a soldier's present capabilities while keeping them out of harm's way wherever possible.\r\n\r\n
                  \r\n\t
                • Example:\u00a0<\/strong>Daksh robot developed by DRDO<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                • Stealth technology:\u00a0<\/strong>Stealth is any military technology that is intended to make vehicles or missiles\u00a0nearly invisible<\/strong>\u00a0to enemy radar or other electronic detection.\r\n\r\n
                    \r\n\t
                  • Example:\u00a0<\/strong>The aircraft like\u00a0F-22 Raptor and F-35<\/strong>\u00a0fighter aircraft.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                    Defence Technology in India<\/h2>\r\n

                    India's defence technology sector is characterised by the\u00a0dominance of public sector companies\u00a0<\/strong>like\u00a0Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).\u00a0<\/strong>The country has created a variety of indigenous defence systems. India is gradually allowing\u00a0private sector companies<\/strong>\u00a0to enter the Indian defence market, thereby opening up new avenues and opportunities<\/p>\r\n

                    Defence Platforms of India<\/h3>\r\n

                    India's defence arsenal comprises a wide range of\u00a0domestically developed and imported platforms<\/strong>\u00a0across various categories, reflecting its growing capabilities in defence technology.<\/p>\r\n

                    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                    Indian defence platform<\/strong><\/td>\r\nDescription<\/strong><\/td>\r\nIndian examples<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Missile systems<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                    - India has a range of missile systems for various ranges and purposes.<\/p>\r\n

                    - They are mainly developed under the\u00a0Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.<\/strong>\u00a0India also developed air-to-air missiles.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                    		-\u00a0Agni series,\u00a0<\/strong>BrahMos<\/strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0ASTRA missile, etc.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Helicopters<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- Versatile helicopters are used for attack, transport, reconnaissance, and search and rescue operations.<\/td>\r\n- Advanced Light Helicopter Dhruv, Rudra and Prachand Helicopter<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Fighter jets<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                    - India has already developed a lightweight fighter jet.<\/p>\r\n

                    - Now India is developing stealth fighter aircraft like the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF) for the Indian Navy.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                    		- HAL Tejas<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Submarines<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- India's\u00a0nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines<\/strong>\u00a0complete\u00a0India's nuclear triad.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- INS Arihant<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Aircraft carriers<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- Indigenous aircraft carriers significantly boost India's blue-water naval capabilities.<\/td>\r\n- INS Vikrant<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Navy warships<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                    - Advanced warships are built in India.<\/p>\r\n

                    - They are equipped with sophisticated weapons and sensor systems.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                    		- Kolkata-class destroyers, Visakhapatnam-class destroyers, etc.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Air defence system<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                    - India has developed various air defence missile systems under the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme.<\/p>\r\n

                    - It has so developed various surface-to-air missile systems.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                    		- Prithvi missile, Akash missile, etc.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Hypersonic glide vehicles<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- Developing technology for weapons that can reach hypersonic speeds.<\/td>\r\n- Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Directed-energy-weapons<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- High-energy lasers and microwave weapons for future warfare applications.<\/td>\r\n- KALI (Kilo Ampere Linear Injector) and DURGA (Directionally Unrestricted Ray-Gun Array).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Tanks<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- India\u2019s main battle tanks feature advanced armour and fire control systems.<\/td>\r\n- Arjun main battle tank<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Lightweight tanks<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- Developing tanks for operations in challenging terrains like high-altitude areas.<\/td>\r\n- Zorawar light tank<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

                    Indigenisation of the Defence Sector in India<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n

                    India's defence budget for the\u00a0financial year 2023-24\u00a0<\/strong>is set at\u00a0INR 5.93 trillion,<\/strong>\u00a0marking an increase from the\u00a0INR 5.13 trillion<\/strong>\u00a0allocated for\u00a0FY 2022-23.<\/strong>\u00a0India has initiated various initiatives to boost indigenous defence production.<\/p>\r\n

                      \r\n\t
                    • Existing defence industrial base:\u00a0<\/strong>The Indian defence industrial base, established in the 1940s, includes:\r\n\r\n
                        \r\n\t
                      • Ordnance Factories (OFs)<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) transformed from the Ordnance Factories Board (OFB) into seven separate entities in June 2021.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Current changes being implemented<\/strong>\r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • Promoting private sector participation:\u00a0<\/strong>It promotes simplifying licencing, creating a level playing field, and providing access to technology to increase private sector manufacturing of defence equipment.<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Encouraging innovation and R&D:<\/strong>\u00a0Creating a robust R&D ecosystem for indigenous cutting-edge technology development.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Self-reliance initiatives<\/strong>\r\n
                            \r\n\t
                          • Atmanirbhar Bharat:<\/strong>\u00a0This initiative aims for self-sufficiency in all sectors, including defence. It also aims to reduce import dependence and promote domestic production.<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • Defence industrial corridors:\u00a0<\/strong>Aims to serve as hubs for defence manufacturing and research-\r\n\r\n
                              \r\n\t
                            • TheUttar Pradesh<\/strong>\u00a0Defence Industrial Corridor (UPDIC)<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • The\u00a0Tamil Nadu<\/strong>\u00a0Defence Industrial Corridor (TNDIC)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Major initiatives for the Indigenization of the defence sector<\/strong>\r\n
                                \r\n\t
                              • Defence Production And Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP):\u00a0<\/strong>To increase domestic defence manufacturing and reduce import dependency.<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Technology Development Fund (TDF):\u00a0<\/strong>This fund started asfinancial assistance for Indian companies to develop and manufacture defence equipment.<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Strategic Partnership Model (SPM):<\/strong>\u00a0It aims to promote joint ventures between Indian and foreign companies for defence manufacturing.<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Positive Indigenisation Lists (PILs):\u00a0<\/strong>It is a list of items for domestic production to enhance operational preparedness.<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):<\/strong>\u00a0This initiative encourages FDI in defence manufacturing for technology transfer and sector growth.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • India\u2019s MoU and agreements with other countries<\/strong>\r\n
                                  \r\n\t
                                • A MoU has been signed between\u00a0Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and GE Aerospace<\/strong>\u00a0for the joint production of the\u00a0F414 fighter jet engine<\/strong>, which is crucial for India\u2019s\u00a0Light Combat Aircraft MK II programme.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Tata and Airbus Helicopters have entered into an industrial partnership for the production of\u00a0H125 helicopters.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                • In the year 2023, Russia signed a contract to supply\u00a0Igla-S<\/strong>\u00a0hand-held anti-aircraft missiles to India and allow production of the Igla there under licence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • India\u2019s defence imports<\/strong>\r\n
                                    \r\n\t
                                  • According to the\u00a0Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)<\/strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0India has retained its position as the world's largest arms importer during the period\u00a02018-22<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Russia\u00a0(45%)<\/strong>\u00a0remained\u00a0India's largest arms supplier.\u00a0<\/strong>India imported cutting-edge\u00a0S-400\u00a0<\/strong>missile systems from India.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • France(29%)\u00a0<\/strong>emerged as the second-largest supplier, with the\u00a0United States<\/strong>\u00a0following at 11%.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • India\u2019s defence exports<\/strong>\r\n
                                      \r\n\t
                                    • India's\u00a0defence exports<\/strong>\u00a0have shown major growth. India is among the\u00a0top 25\u00a0<\/strong>countries that export defence equipment.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                    • India\u2019s defence exports over the last\u00a0five years<\/strong>\u00a0have seen a steady increase. India's defence exports reached an all-time high of approximately\u00a0Rs 16,000 crore<\/strong>\u00a0in the fiscal year\u00a02022-23<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                    • This growth is attributed to India exporting more defence hardware to regions such as\u00a0South-East Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                                        \r\n\t
                                      • Notable exports include the\u00a0BrahMos\u00a0<\/strong>supersonic cruise missiles to the\u00a0Philippines<\/strong>\u00a0in a deal worth $375 million and\u00a0155mm artillery guns to an unnamed country by Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited<\/strong>, worth $155.5 million.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                        Challenges for India\u2019s Defence Sector<\/h3>\r\n

                                        India\u2019s defence sector is going through\u00a0rapid change and modernisation.<\/strong>\u00a0But still, it faces several issues that urgently need to be addressed.<\/p>\r\n

                                          \r\n\t
                                        • Budgetary constraints<\/strong>\r\n
                                            \r\n\t
                                          • In the\u00a0interim budget of 2024\u201325,<\/strong>\u00a0the defence budget was approximately\u00a0$75 billion,<\/strong>\u00a0which isjust\u00a01.9 % of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                          • Technological parity with adversaries<\/strong>\r\n
                                              \r\n\t
                                            • The\u00a0advanced technologies<\/strong>\u00a0employed by adversaries, especially China, necessitate that India identify and absorb niche technologies within its defence services to establish the required parity.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                            • Dependence on imports<\/strong>\r\n
                                                \r\n\t
                                              • India still imports critical technologies like\u00a0jet engines, aircraft, air defence systems,\u00a0<\/strong>etc., from foreign countries.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • Innovation and R&D ecosystem<\/strong>\r\n
                                                  \r\n\t
                                                • The\u00a0lack of a robust defence<\/strong>\u00a0R&D ecosystem, characterised by\u00a0low overall researcher density\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0insufficient focus<\/strong>\u00a0on defence-specific research, has limited India's ability to innovate and develop indigenous military technologies.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                • India spends\u00a00.8% of its GDP on all R&D<\/strong>\u00a0and has\u00a0156 researchers per million<\/strong>\u00a0population.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                • Capital-intensive investments<\/strong>\r\n
                                                    \r\n\t
                                                  • India\u2019s defence industry is still\u00a0dominated by government PSUs.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                                  • The need of the hour is to attract more domestic private investment in the defence sector.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                  • Integration of MSMEs and Start-ups:<\/strong>\r\n
                                                      \r\n\t
                                                    • India is not able to integrate these entities into the\u00a0defence supply chain<\/strong>\u00a0to harness their potential for innovation and development.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                    • Many\u00a0defence startups,\u00a0<\/strong>despite being innovative, are not getting the desired government orders.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                    • The\u00a0red tape and foreign lobbies<\/strong>\u00a0in the defence sector are hindering the growth of the Indian defence startup industry.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                                      Defence Technology UPSC PYQs<\/h2>\r\n

                                                      Question 1.<\/strong>\u00a0Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, of the following statements is\/are correct?\u00a0(UPSC Prelims 2014)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                                        \r\n\t
                                                      1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                      2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                      3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                                        Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/p>\r\n

                                                          \r\n\t
                                                        1. 1 only<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                        2. 2 and 3 only<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                        3. 1 and 3 only<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                        4. 1, 2 and 3<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                                          Answer: (a)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                                          Question 2.\u00a0<\/strong>Cyberwarfare is considered by some defence analysts to be a larger threat than even Al Qaeda or terrorism. What do you understand by Cyberwarfare? Outline the cyber threats which India is vulnerable to and bring out the state of the country\u2019s preparedness to deal with the same.\u00a0(UPSC Mains 2013)<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                          Defence technology includes a range of weapons, equipment, structures, and vehicles that are used specifically for warfare. Check about Defence Technology, Conventional and Emerging, Challenges<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2597,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[74,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-2596","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-notes","8":"tag-defence-technology","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2596","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2596"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2596\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19882,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2596\/revisions\/19882"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2597"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2596"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2596"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2596"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}