{"id":2619,"date":"2026-01-05T12:53:46","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T07:23:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2619"},"modified":"2026-01-06T10:46:15","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T05:16:15","slug":"oceanography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/oceanography\/","title":{"rendered":"Oceanography, Meaning, History, Significance, Laws"},"content":{"rendered":"

Oceanography is the study of the oceans, submarine reliefs, and the physical, chemical and biological properties of oceanic water. Oceans comprise a single, enormous, continuous body of water that surrounds all of the earth's landmasses. Oceanic waters play a very important role in controlling the global weather and\u00a0climate<\/strong>, interactions between the\u00a0atmosphere\u00a0<\/strong>and the hydrosphere, and maintaining the water balance of the globe.<\/p>\r\n

Many of the processes that occur in the oceans depend on the physical properties of seawater. Temperature and salinity are the most important physical characteristics of the oceanic water. In this article, we will focus on these physical characteristics.<\/p>\r\n

About Oceans<\/h2>\r\n

The oceans are limited to the vast depressions of the earth's outer layer. They contain\u00a097.2% of the world's total water<\/strong>\u00a0and more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Geographers have classified the oceanic portion of the world into\u00a0five oceans<\/strong>\u00a0- the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic oceans.<\/p>\r\n

    \r\n\t
  • Pacific Ocean:<\/strong>\u00a0It is the\u00a0largest ocean<\/strong>\u00a0in the world, bigger than all continents put together. The average depth of this ocean is\u00a04,280 meters.<\/strong>\r\n
      \r\n\t
    • The Pacific Plate is by far the\u00a0largest tectonic plate on Earth.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
    • It is the only major oceanic plate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Atlantic Ocean:<\/strong>\u00a0It is the second-largest ocean in the world.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\t
      • The North Atlantic Ocean emerged as a result of the breakup of the\u00a0supercontinent Pangaea<\/strong>, while the South Atlantic arose after the\u00a0Gondwana\u00a0<\/strong>land broke in the geological past.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
      • Indian Ocean:\u00a0<\/strong>It is the\u00a0third-largest<\/strong>\u00a0in the world. It is named after India. Its calm open water encouraged the sea trade earlier than the\u00a0Atlantic\u00a0<\/strong>or the\u00a0Pacific Ocean.\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
          \r\n\t
        • The opening of the Indian Ocean began 156 Million years ago when Africa separated from East Gondwana.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
        • Southern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean):<\/strong>\u00a0It is the world\u2019s\u00a0fourth-largest ocean<\/strong>\u00a0and youngest ocean, formed when\u00a0South America<\/strong>\u00a0moved away from\u00a0Antarctica<\/strong>, opening the\u00a0Drake Passage.<\/strong>\r\n
            \r\n\t
          • It has a boundary where cold, northward-flowing water from Antarctica meets warmer sub-Antarctic water.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
          • Arctic Ocean:<\/strong>\u00a0It is the shallower and smallest ocean.\r\n\r\n
              \r\n\t
            • It is bordered by Eurasia and North America.<\/li>\r\n\t
            • Its surface\u00a0temperature\u00a0<\/strong>and salinity fluctuate seasonally due to the melting and freezing of its ice cover.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

              Relief of Ocean floor<\/h2>\r\n

              The relief features found on the ocean floor are called\u00a0submarine relief.\u00a0<\/strong>A 'Hypsometric curve'<\/strong>\u00a0is used to depict the layout of an ocean floor. It is a graph that shows the percentage of a continent that is above or below sea level. The Ocean basins are broadly divided into four major sub-divisions:\u00a0Continental Shelf, Continental Slope, Abyssal Plains, and Oceanic Deeps<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n

              \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
              Continental Shelf<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

              - The continental shelf is the seaward extension of land that lies under the seawater. It occupies 7% of the sea floor.<\/p>\r\n

              - It is\u00a0formed due to<\/strong>\u00a0fluvial deposits, marine erosion, tectonic forces, and the fluctuations in sea level in the past.<\/p>\r\n

              - The deltas of the\u00a0Ganga<\/strong>,\u00a0Godavari<\/strong>,\u00a0Krishna<\/strong>, and\u00a0Cauvery rivers\u00a0<\/strong>constitute India's continental shelf on the east coast.<\/p>\r\n

              - In the continental shelf there are submarine canyons that extend to the continental slope.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

              Continental Slope<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

              - The steep slope that extends from the continental shelf to the\u00a0deep sea plain or abyssal plain<\/strong>\u00a0is known as the continental slope.<\/p>\r\n

              - It occupies\u00a09% of the sea floor.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

              - The origin may be due to erosional,\u00a0tectonic<\/strong>, and aggradational processes.<\/p>\r\n

              - Along the base of the continental slope is a deposit of sediments. This belt of sedimentary deposits constitutes the continental rise.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n

              Abyssal plains\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

              - Abyssal plains are exceedingly flat, featureless plains on the deep ocean floor.<\/p>\r\n

              - The plains are covered in fine-grained sediments such as clay and silt and have submarine plateaus, hills, guyots, and seamounts.<\/p>\r\n

                \r\n\t
              • Seamount:\u00a0<\/strong>These are mountains with\u00a0pointed peaks<\/strong>\u00a0that rise from the seafloor but do not reach the ocean's surface and are\u00a0volcanic\u00a0<\/strong>in origin.<\/li>\r\n\t
              • Guyots:<\/strong>\u00a0It is a\u00a0flat-topped seamount.<\/strong>\u00a0They show indications of slow subsidence through stages, resulting in flat-topped drowned mountains.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
              Oceanic Deeps or Trenches<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

              - The ocean deeps are the\u00a0deepest part of the ocean.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

              - They are long, narrow, steep-sided, and flat-floored depressions on the ocean floor. They are commonly referred to as\u00a0submarine trenches<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n

              - There are\u00a026 oceanic trenches<\/strong>\u00a0in the world, with\u00a022 in the Pacific Ocean<\/strong>,\u00a03 in the Atlantic,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a01 in the Indian Ocean<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

              Physical Properties of Ocean Waters<\/h2>\r\n

              Physical properties like temperature and salinity directly affect the\u00a0density<\/strong>,\u00a0buoyancy<\/strong>, and\u00a0stability of seawater<\/strong>\u00a0and consequently the\u00a0motion of water<\/strong>\u00a0in the ocean basins.<\/p>\r\n

              Temperature of Ocean Water<\/h3>\r\n

              The temperature of the ocean's surface water varies similarly to that of the land surface. The major source of heat energy for ocean water is the\u00a0radiation from the sun.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                \r\n\t
              • Horizontal distribution of ocean temperature and its factors:\u00a0<\/strong>The average temperature of surface water of the oceans is about 27\u00b0C and it gradually decreases from the equator towards the poles.\r\n\r\n
                  \r\n\t
                • Latitude:\u00a0<\/strong>The temperature of surface water decreases from the equator to the poles as insolation decreases poleward.<\/li>\r\n\t
                • Unequal distribution of land and water:<\/strong>\u00a0The northern hemisphere's oceans receive more heat because they come into contact with a wider area of land than the southern hemisphere's oceans.<\/li>\r\n\t
                • Prevailing wind:\u00a0<\/strong>Winds moving from the land to the oceans drive warm surface water away from the coast, causing cold water from underneath to rise to the surface. This causes temperature to vary\u00a0longitudinally<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n
                    \r\n\t
                  • On the contrary,\u00a0onshore winds<\/strong>\u00a0accumulate warm water along the shoreline,\u00a0raising the temperature.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                  • Ocean currents:\u00a0<\/strong>Warm ocean currents raise the temperature in cold areas while cold currents decrease the temperature in warm ocean areas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                  • Vertical distribution of ocean temperature:<\/strong>\r\n
                      \r\n\t
                    • Mixed layer (epipelagic zone):<\/strong>\u00a0The warm upper layer of ocean water, extending up to 200 meters in\u00a0tropical regions<\/strong>, has an average temperature of 20\u00b0C-25\u00b0C. This is due to the intermixing of water.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Thermocline layer:<\/strong>\u00a0It is the transition layer between warmer mixed water and cooler deep water below. This layer extends from 200 metres to 1000 metres in the tropical region (500m to 1000m at mid-latitudes) and varies according to the seasons. The temperature decreases rapidly in the thermocline layer.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Deep water layer:\u00a0<\/strong>Below the\u00a0thermocline<\/strong>, temperature decrease is gradual up to 4000m. Beneath this depth, the temperature of ocean water is\u00a0constant at 4\u00b0C.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                      Salinity of Ocean Water<\/h3>\r\n

                      Salinity corresponds to the number of grams of dissolved salts per kilogramme of seawater and is expressed as parts per thousand (o\/oo) or ppt. Together with temperature, salinity is an important property of seawater.<\/p>\r\n

                        \r\n\t
                      • Distribution of salinity:<\/strong>\r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • The salinity decreases horizontally from the equator towards the poles. The highest salinity is found between 20\u00b0 and 40\u00b0 north latitudes, which is characterised by high temperatures and\u00a0evaporation\u00a0<\/strong>but less rain than the equatorial region.<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Salinity changes with depth, but how it changes is determined by the location of the sea. Salinity at the surface increases by the loss of water to ice or evaporation, or decreases by the input of fresh waters, such as from the rivers.<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Areas with the highest salinity:<\/strong>\u00a0Don Juan Pond (Antarctica), Lake Van (Turkey), Dead Sea (Israel, Jordan), Great Salt Lake (United States), etc.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Factors affecting ocean salinity are:<\/strong>\r\n
                            \r\n\t
                          • Evaporation and Precipitation:\u00a0<\/strong>Salinity is high where evaporation is high, and low where rainfall is high. The salinity of water is due to the combined effect of these two factors.\r\n\r\n
                              \r\n\t
                            • For example, water at mid-latitudes is more saline than in the tropical region.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Freshwater flow:\u00a0<\/strong>At the same latitude, salinity depends on the influx of fresh water from rivers, streams, etc. The inflow of freshwater makes the water less saline.\r\n\r\n
                                \r\n\t
                              • For example, the\u00a0Bay of Bengal\u00a0<\/strong>experiences low salinity due to river water influx, while the\u00a0Arabian Sea<\/strong>\u00a0experiences higher salinity due to high evaporation and low freshwater influx.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Freezing and melting of ice:<\/strong>\u00a0In the Polar regions, the surface salinity is influenced by the processes of freezing and melting of ice.\r\n\r\n
                                  \r\n\t
                                • Example:\u00a0<\/strong>Antarctica and the Arctic have a low salinity. Thawing icebergs adds freshwater; icebergs that have broken off ice sheets developed over land do not contain salt, and freezing seawater into ice removes even more salt.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Wind:\u00a0<\/strong>Winds can decrease salinity by blowing in storm fronts that carry heavy rains and increase salinity by accelerating evaporation at the sea surface.\r\n\r\n
                                    \r\n\t
                                  • Ocean Currents:<\/strong>\u00a0The ocean currents contribute to the salinity variations.\r\n\r\n
                                      \r\n\t
                                    • For example, the North Atlantic Drift brings saltier water to the North Pole.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                      Movement of Ocean Waters<\/h2>\r\n

                                      The ocean water is dynamic, caused by differences in ocean water density due to temperature and salinity, and external influences such as the gravitational pull of the sun, moon, and the winds.<\/p>\r\n

                                        \r\n\t
                                      • The movement of ocean water takes place in three different ways:\r\n\r\n
                                          \r\n\t
                                        • Waves:<\/strong>\u00a0Waves on the ocean's water are created by wind friction on the water's surface or other disturbances on the\u00a0seabed<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                        • Tides:\u00a0<\/strong>The rhythmic rise and fall of the seawater due to the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun is called a Tide.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                        • Ocean Currents:\u00a0<\/strong>A large mass of moving water from one part of the ocean to another in a definite direction is called an ocean current.\r\n\r\n
                                            \r\n\t
                                          • The movement is produced due to the earth\u2019s rotation, a temperature difference of ocean water, salinity, density, direction of winds, etc.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                            Significance of Oceans<\/h2>\r\n

                                            Oceans form a major part of our environment and have an overwhelming influence on humans and their activities.<\/p>\r\n

                                              \r\n\t
                                            • Ocean as a modifier of climate:\u00a0<\/strong>The ocean plays a crucial role in climate modification by storing heat, supplying water vapour, and regulating temperature through ocean currents, which maintain\u00a0global energy balance\u00a0<\/strong>and facilitate heat exchange between latitudes.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                            • Oceans and Resources:\u00a0<\/strong>The animals and plants of the sea constitute a vast resource from which man can derive food, fertilisers for agriculture, and raw materials for industry.\r\n\r\n
                                                \r\n\t
                                              • \u201cDeep Ocean Mission<\/strong>\u201d is launched by India to explore the deep ocean for resources and develop deep-sea technologies for\u00a0sustainable use of ocean resources.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                              • Oceans and Mineral Resources:<\/strong>\u00a0Oceans are rich in various minerals, including petroleum, magnesium, salt, copper, lead, silver, and gold, as well as metals like copper, lead, silver etc.\r\n\r\n
                                                  \r\n\t
                                                • India has the exclusive rights to explore\u00a0polymetallic nodules\u00a0<\/strong>from the seabed in the\u00a0Central Indian Ocean Basin.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                • Ocean Transportation and Trade:\u00a0<\/strong>Oceans provide natural highways at a low cost for international trade.\r\n\r\n
                                                    \r\n\t
                                                  • Around 80 per cent of India's merchandise trade with Europe passes through the\u00a0Red Sea.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                  • Ocean and Energy:<\/strong>\u00a0Changes in salinity, thermal gradients, tidal currents or ocean waves can be used to generate electricity - and provide reliable, sustainable and cost-competitive energy.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                                    Conventions and Laws on Ocean<\/h2>\r\n

                                                    There are several international conventions and laws to help countries preserve order, productivity, and peaceful interactions at sea.<\/p>\r\n

                                                      \r\n\t
                                                    • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS):<\/strong>\u00a0This 1994 Law regulates all uses of the seas and provides the legal framework for international ocean governance.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                    • High Seas Treaty:\u00a0<\/strong>Adopted in 2023, it aims to address crucial challenges such as rising sea surface temperatures, overexploitation of marine biodiversity, overfishing, coastal pollution etc.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                    • UN Environment Programme<\/strong>: The UNEP\u2019s Regional Seas Conventions and Action Plans is the world's only legal framework for protecting the oceans and seas at the regional level.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                    • UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030):\u00a0<\/strong>It aims to promote ocean science and knowledge generation to improve the state of the ocean system and facilitate the\u00a0sustainable development\u00a0<\/strong>of this vast marine ecosystem.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                                      Maritime Zones<\/h2>\r\n

                                                      Maritime zon\u0435s r\u0435f\u0435r to specific areas of th\u0435 ocean that ar\u0435 d\u0435fin\u0435d by\u00a0int\u0435rnational law\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0r\u0435gulations<\/strong>. Th\u0435s\u0435 zones are established to govern various aspects of\u00a0maritime activities, r\u0435sourc\u0435 manag\u0435m\u0435nt, \u0435nvironm\u0435ntal prot\u0435ction,\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0national s\u0435curity.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                                      \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                                      Maritime Zones<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                      Internal Waters<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- Waters on the landward side of the baseline, subject to the full\u00a0sovereignty of a state.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                      Territorial Sea<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- Area extends up to\u00a012 nautical miles\u00a0<\/strong>from the baseline, subject to the sovereignty of the coastal state.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                      Contiguous Zone<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- Area extending up to\u00a024 nautical miles<\/strong>\u00a0from the baseline, where a state can enforce certain laws for customs, immigration, and\u00a0pollution control<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                      Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- Area extends up to\u00a0200 nautical miles<\/strong>\u00a0from the baseline, giving the coastal state special rights over exploration and exploitation of\u00a0natural resources.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                      Continental Shelf<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- Area extends beyond the territorial sea, comprising the\u00a0seabed\u00a0<\/strong>and subsoil of the\u00a0submarine areas<\/strong>\u00a0that extend beyond the territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of the land territory.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                                      High Seas<\/strong><\/td>\r\n- Areas beyond national jurisdiction are open to all states, and governed by the principles of\u00a0international law.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

                                                      Oceanography UPSC PYQs<\/h2>\r\n

                                                      Question 1: Tides occur in the oceans and seas due to which among the following (UPSC Prelims 2015)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                                        \r\n\t
                                                      1. Gravitational force of the Sun<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                      2. Gravitational force of the Moon<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                      3. Centrifugal force of the Earth<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                                        Select the correct answer using the codes given below.<\/p>\r\n

                                                          \r\n\t
                                                        1. 1 only<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                        2. 2 and 3 only<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                        3. 1 and 3 only<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                        4. 1, 2 and 3<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                                          Answer: (d)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                                          Question 2:\u00a0<\/strong>Consider the following factors: (UPSC Prelims 2012)<\/p>\r\n

                                                            \r\n\t
                                                          1. Rotation of the Earth<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                          2. Air pressure and wind<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                          3. Density of ocean water<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                          4. Revolution of the earth<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                                            Which of the above factors influences the ocean currents?<\/p>\r\n

                                                              \r\n\t
                                                            1. 1 and 2 only<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                            2. 1, 2 and 3 only<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                            3. 1 and 4 only<\/li>\r\n\t
                                                            4. 2, 3, and 4 only<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

                                                              Answer: (b)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                                              Question 3:<\/strong>\u00a0Account for variations in oceanic salinity and discuss its multidimensional effects.\u00a0(UPSC Mains 2017)<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                                              Oceans contain 97.2 percent of the world\u2019s total water. The Ocean basins are broadly divided into four major sub-divisions: Continental Shelf, Continental Slope, Abyssal Plains, and Oceanic Deeps.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2620,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[67,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-2619","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-notes","8":"tag-oceanography","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2619","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2619"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2619\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19737,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2619\/revisions\/19737"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2620"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2619"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2619"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2619"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}