{"id":2725,"date":"2026-01-05T13:50:02","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T08:20:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2725"},"modified":"2026-01-06T11:55:29","modified_gmt":"2026-01-06T06:25:29","slug":"southern-kingdoms-in-medieval-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/southern-kingdoms-in-medieval-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Southern Kingdoms in Medieval India"},"content":{"rendered":"

Western Chalukyas<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n

The Western Chalukya Dynasty, also known as the\u00a0Chalukyas of Kalyani<\/strong>, was a prominent medieval South Indian dynasty that ruled from the 10th to the 12th centuries CE. They played a significant role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of the Deccan region, particularly in present-day Karnataka, Maharashtra, and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. They were the\u00a0feudatories of Rashtrakutas\u00a0<\/strong>and replaced the Rashtrakuta Dynasty.<\/p>\r\n

\"\"<\/p>\r\n

Map - Western Chalukyas<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Western Chalukyas Rulers<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Western Chalukyas Rulers<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Period:\u00a0975 \u2013 1200 AD<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCapital:\u00a0Manyakheta and Kalyani (Basavakalyan)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n
    \r\n\t
  • Founder:\u00a0<\/strong>The Chalukya dynasty was founded by\u00a0Tailapa II<\/strong>\u00a0in 975 AD by defeating the Rashtrakuta ruler Kakka II (Karaka).<\/li>\r\n\t
  • The extent of rule:\u00a0<\/strong>They ruled over the western Deccan in south India (parts of present Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh).<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Sources:<\/strong>\u00a0Information about Western Chalukya history has been mentioned mainly in Kannada literary sources like Gada Yuddha, Vikramankadeva Charitam etc. Also, numismatic sources like the\u00a0punch-marked gold pagodas<\/strong>\u00a0with Kannada and Nagari legends provide information about the Chalukyas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Important Rulers<\/strong><\/td>\r\nTailapa II (957 \u2013 997)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
    \r\n\t
  • Sources:<\/strong>Gadag records<\/strong>\u00a0mention the information about his rule.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Military conquests:<\/strong>\u00a0He defeated Paramara King Munja in\u00a0995\u00a0<\/strong>AD.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Contribution:<\/strong>\u00a0He patronised a Kannada poet\u00a0Ranna<\/strong>, one of the gems of Kannada literature.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Satyashraya (997\u20131008)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
    \r\n\t
  • He was at war with the eastern Chalukyas and Cholas.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Rajendra I defeated him under the reign of Rajaraja I.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Someshwara I (1042 \u2013 1068)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
    \r\n\t
  • Titles:\u00a0<\/strong>Ahavamalla or Trilokamalla.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • He moved the Chalukya capital to\u00a0Kalyani\u00a0<\/strong>in 1042.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Military conquests:<\/strong>\r\n
      \r\n\t
    • Battle of Koppam<\/strong>: Chola King Rajadhiraja Chola I was killed in this battle.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Battle of Vijayawada:<\/strong>\u00a0He was defeated by Chola Emperor Virarajendra Chola.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Vikramaditya VI (1076 \u2013 1126)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
    \r\n\t
  • Succession:\u00a0<\/strong>He defeated his brother Someshwara II with the Chola's help during the reign of\u00a0Kulottunga I<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Titles:\u00a0<\/strong>Permadideva and Tribhuvanamalla<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Source:\u00a0<\/strong>He is mentioned as a hero in\u00a0Vikramankadevacharita,\u00a0<\/strong>written by Kashmir poet\u00a0Bilhana<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Military conquests:<\/strong>\u00a0He won\u00a0Kanchi\u00a0<\/strong>and was at war with Hoysala King Vishnu.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Decline<\/strong><\/td>\r\nSomeshvara IV<\/strong>\u00a0was expelled into exile in 1189 by the Seuna kings. Western Chalukyas faced invasions from the Seunas and Hoysalas, and Hoysala Empire finally destroyed them.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

Administration of\u00a0Western Chalukyas<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n
    \r\n\t
  • Succession:\u00a0<\/strong>The Western Chalukya kingship followed the system of\u00a0hereditary monarchy.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
  • Decentralisation:\u00a0<\/strong>The administration was highly decentralised and had autonomous feudatory clans.\r\n\r\n
      \r\n\t
    • Division of kingdom:\u00a0<\/strong>Mandalas (Provinces ) \u2192 Nadu (Districts) \u2192 Kampanas (Groups of villages) \u2192 Bada (village).\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\t
      • Women from the royal family also managed\u00a0Nadus and Kampanas.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
      • Officers:\u00a0<\/strong>Maha Pradhan (Chief Minister), Sandhivigrahika (chief justice), and Dharmadhikari (chief justice), Tadeyadandanayaka (commander of reserve army).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

        Economy of\u00a0Western Chalukyas<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n
          \r\n\t
        • Agriculture:<\/strong>\u00a0It was the primary source of income for the state.\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\t
          • Crops:\u00a0<\/strong>Crops like rice, lentils, cotton, sugarcane, areca and betel were cultivated.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
          • Revenue:\u00a0<\/strong>The\u00a0Gavundas\u00a0<\/strong>or Goudas were appointed for tax collection in rural areas. They also represented the people.<\/li>\r\n\t
          • Trade:<\/strong>\r\n
              \r\n\t
            • Foreign trade relations:\u00a0<\/strong>Aihole Svamis' edicts mention the foreign trade of Chalukyas with Parasa, Maleya etc.<\/li>\r\n\t
            • Traders:\u00a0<\/strong>Manigramam, Nagarattar and Anjuvannam.\r\n\r\n
                \r\n\t
              • Local guilds were called\u00a0Nagaram.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
              • Nanadesis\u00a0<\/strong>were traders from neighbouring kingdoms.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                Society under\u00a0Western Chalukyas<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n
                  \r\n\t
                • Social structure:\u00a0<\/strong>One significant social development in this period was the development of\u00a0Veerashaivism<\/strong>, which was\u00a0against the Hindu<\/strong>\u00a0caste structure.<\/li>\r\n\t
                • Position of women:<\/strong>\u00a0The position of women from royal and prosperous metropolitan households was improved. They engaged in art and literature.\r\n\r\n
                    \r\n\t
                  • Royal women were involved in administrative and martial affairs, such as Princess\u00a0Akkadevi<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                  • Sati, though present, was voluntary.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                  • Religion:\u00a0<\/strong>The growth of\u00a0Lingayatism and Vaishnavism<\/strong>\u00a0led to the\u00a0decline of Buddhism<\/strong>\u00a0in South India.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                    Art, Architecture and Literature of\u00a0Western Chalukyas<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n

                    The Western Chalukya dynasty's rule was a crucial time in the evolution of\u00a0Deccan architecture<\/strong>. The architecture created at this time provided a conceptual\u00a0link\u00a0<\/strong>between the\u00a0Hoysala\u00a0<\/strong>architecture\u00a0and the\u00a0Badami Chalukya <\/strong>architecture<\/strong>. It is also known as the \u201cGadag style<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\r\n

                    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                    Art, Architecture and Literature<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Art and Architecture<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                      \r\n\t
                    • Location:\u00a0<\/strong>Most are in the\u00a0Tungabhadra-Krishna River doab<\/strong>\u00a0region of present-day central Karnataka.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Material:<\/strong>\u00a0They started using\u00a0lathe-turned\u00a0<\/strong>(tuned) pillars and\u00a0soapstone\u00a0<\/strong>(Chloritic Schist) as fundamentally structural and sculptural material.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Ornamentation:<\/strong>\u00a0They promoted the use of ornamentation on the outer walls of the shrine.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Mandap:\u00a0<\/strong>These temples are either\u00a0Ekakutas<\/strong>, which have one mandapa and one shrine, or\u00a0Dvikutas<\/strong>, which have two shrines connected by a common hall.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Vesara style:\u00a0<\/strong>They are a\u00a0blend\u00a0<\/strong>of both the\u00a0Nagara\u00a0<\/strong>as well as\u00a0Dravidian\u00a0<\/strong>temple architecture. It is also known as \u201cKarnatakadravida<\/strong>\u201d.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Stepped wells:\u00a0<\/strong>These temples have ornate stepped wells (Pushkarni<\/strong>), which served as ritual bathing places.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    \r\n

                    Kashvishweshwara Temple at Lakkundi<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                    \"\"<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                    		\r\n
                      \r\n\t
                    • Location: Gadag\u00a0<\/strong>district of Karnataka.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Patron:\u00a0<\/strong>Western Chalukya rulers built it, and later additions were made by Hoyasala King\u00a0Veera Ballala II<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Features:\u00a0<\/strong>It is a\u00a0Dvikuta\u00a0<\/strong>temple where Kasivisvesvara linga faces east, and Surya deva (Sun) faces west.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    \r\n

                    Dodda Basappa Temple<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                    \"\"<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                    		\r\n
                      \r\n\t
                    • Location: Gadag\u00a0<\/strong>district of Karnataka.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Features:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                        \r\n\t
                      • It is dedicated to Lord\u00a0Shiva<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • It is based on the\u00a0stellate plan<\/strong>, which is an uninterrupted 24-pointed star-shaped floor plan.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    \r\n

                    Mahadeva Temple, Itagi<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                    \"\"<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                    		\r\n
                      \r\n\t
                    • Location:\u00a0<\/strong>It is located in the town of Itagi in the\u00a0Koppal\u00a0<\/strong>Districpresent-day central Karnataka'sf Karnataka.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Patron:\u00a0<\/strong>It was built during the reign of Western Chalukya King\u00a0Vikramaditya VI<\/strong>\u00a0in 1112 AD.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Features:<\/strong>\r\n
                        \r\n\t
                      • It is dedicated to lord\u00a0Shiva<\/strong>\u00a0and is an example of Dravida articulation with a Nagara superstructure.<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • The use of\u00a0soapstone\u00a0<\/strong>material is abundant.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Trikuteshwara Temple, Gadag<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                      \r\n\t
                    • Location: Gadag\u00a0<\/strong>district of Karnataka.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Paton:<\/strong>\u00a0It was built during the reign of\u00a0Someshwara I<\/strong>\u00a0in the 11th century.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Features:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                        \r\n\t
                      • It is dedicated to Lord\u00a0Shiva<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • There is a\u00a0shrine with ornate pillars<\/strong>\u00a0dedicated to Saraswathi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                    Literature<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                      \r\n\t
                    • This was the period of growth in\u00a0Kannada\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0Sanskrit\u00a0<\/strong>literature in South India.<\/li>\r\n\t
                    • Literary works during this period includes:\r\n\r\n
                        \r\n\t
                      • Chandombudhi\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0Karnataka Kadambari<\/strong>, both written by Nagavarma I<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Rannakanda\u00a0<\/strong>written by Ranna<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Karnataka-Kalyanakaraka<\/strong>\u00a0written by Jagaddala Somanatha<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Jatakatilaka\u00a0<\/strong>written by Sridharacharya<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Madanakatilaka\u00a0<\/strong>written by Chandraraja<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Lokapakara\u00a0<\/strong>written by Chavundaraya II<\/li>\r\n\t
                      • Mit\u0101ksar\u0101 (by Vijnanesvara) and Dayabhaga(by Jimutvahana)<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

                        Kakatiya Dynasty<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n

                        The Kakatiya Dynasty was a prominent medieval south Indian dynasty that ruled over a region known as Telugu country, present-day\u00a0Andhra Pradesh and Telangana<\/strong>, from the\u00a012th to the 14th centuries.<\/strong>\u00a0They emerged as a significant power during a time of political fragmentation and played a vital role in the socio-cultural and political history of the region.<\/p>\r\n

                        \"\"<\/p>\r\n

                        Map - Kakatiya Dynasty<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                        \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                        Kakatiya Dynasty<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        Period:\u00a01163 \u2013 1323 AD<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCapital:\u00a0Hanumakonda\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0Orugallu (Warangal)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        \r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • Founder: Prola Raja II<\/strong>\u00a0is considered the founder of the Kakatiya Dynasty.<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Extent of rule:<\/strong>\u00a0They ruled over the parts of present-day\u00a0Telangana\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0Andhra Pradesh<\/strong>\u00a0and parts of eastern\u00a0Karnataka<\/strong>\u00a0and southern\u00a0Odisha<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Sources:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                            \r\n\t
                          • Anumakonda inscription<\/strong>\u00a0of Rudradeva (Prataparudra I) is the earliest known record that describes the Kakatiyas as a sovereign power.<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • Mangallu and the Bayyaram inscriptions<\/strong>\u00a0describe the Kakatiyas as a branch of the Rashtrakuta family.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • Coins:\u00a0<\/strong>The\u00a0gold\u00a0<\/strong>coin during the period of Kakatiyas was called\u00a0Gadvanam.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                          • Religion:<\/strong>\u00a0They followed\u00a0Hinduism\u00a0<\/strong>but were tolerant towards\u00a0Jainism<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        Famous rulers<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        Prataparudra I (1158 - 1195 AD)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • Kakatiyas declared an end to their status as feudatory chiefs of the Chalukyas during his reign in 1663 AD.<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Palanadu war took place during his period.<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Contribution:\u00a0<\/strong>He authored the\u00a0'Nitisara'\u00a0<\/strong>in Sanskrit.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        Ganapati (1198 - 1262 AD)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • Title:<\/strong>\u00a0Rayagajekesari<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Contemporary:<\/strong>\u00a0He adorned the famous poet Tikkana Somayaji.<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Contribution:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                            \r\n\t
                          • He created the man-made\u00a0Pakhal Lake<\/strong>\u00a0in Warangal and issued\u00a0'Abhya Sasanam<\/strong>' at Motupalli port.<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • He shifted the capital from\u00a0Hanumakonda\u00a0<\/strong>to\u00a0Warangal<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        Rudrama Devi (1262 - 1296)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • She was the\u00a0first woman\u00a0<\/strong>ruler of the Kakatiya Dynasty.<\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Italian traveller\u00a0Marcopolo\u00a0<\/strong>visited during her reign.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        Prataparudra II (1296 - 1323)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • His reign faced the Muslim invasions by\u00a0Allauddin Khilji<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0Gayasuddin Tughlaq<\/strong>\u00a0against Kakatiyas, which led to the decline of the Kakatiyas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        Contribution to architecture and literature<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        Architecture<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                        Rudresvara temple<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                        \"\"<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                        		\r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • Patron:\u00a0<\/strong>It was built in Anamakonda by\u00a0Prataparudra I.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Feature:<\/strong>\u00a0Dedicated to Lord\u00a0Shiva<\/strong>, Vishnu and Surya.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        Ramappa Temple\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • Patron:\u00a0<\/strong>It was built by Recherla Rudra, a general of Kakatiya ruler\u00a0Ganapati Deva.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                        • Features:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                            \r\n\t
                          • It is dedicated to Lord\u00a0Shiva<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • Its foundation is built with the\u00a0sandbox technique<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • Material used:<\/strong>\u00a0granite and basalt.<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • In July 2021, it was declared a\u00a0UNESCO World Heritage Site<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                        Literature<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                          \r\n\t
                        • Author and their literary work:<\/strong>\r\n
                            \r\n\t
                          • Jayapa Senani:\u00a0<\/strong>Geeta Ratnavali, Nritya Ratnavali and Vadya Ratnavali.<\/li>\r\n\t
                          • Tikkana Somayaji:\u00a0<\/strong>Nirvachanottara Ramayanamu, Vijayasenamu, Kavivaagbandhamu, Krishnasatakamu.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

                            Yadava Dynasty<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n

                            The Yadavas of Devagiri was a Medieval Indian dynasty that ruled over the region of\u00a0Devagiri (present-day Daulatabad)<\/strong>\u00a0in the Deccan Plateau from the\u00a012th to the 14th centuries<\/strong>. They were also known as\u00a0Suena Dynasty<\/strong>. They were the feudatories of\u00a0Western Chalukyas<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n

                            \"\"<\/p>\r\n

                            Map: Yadava Dynasty<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                            \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                            Yadava Dynasty<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            Period:\u00a01187 - 1317 AD<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCapital:\u00a0Devagiri (Daulatabad<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            \r\n
                              \r\n\t
                            • Founder:<\/strong>Bhillama V<\/strong>\u00a0established the sovereign and independent kingdom of Seuna Kingdom in\u00a01187 AD<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Extent of rule:<\/strong>\u00a0They ruled over the parts of present-day Maharashtra, North Karnataka and parts of Madhya Pradesh.<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Sources:<\/strong>Deolali inscription<\/strong>\u00a0mentions the information about Yadava King Seunachandra II.<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Decline:<\/strong>\u00a0Yadava Kingdom was annexed by the\u00a0Khalji sultanate<\/strong>\u00a0in 1317 by killing the last Yadava ruler Simhana III.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            Important rulers<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            Bhillama (1173 - 1191 AD)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                              \r\n\t
                            • Title and source:<\/strong>\u00a0Mutugi inscription mentions him as \"Chakravartin Yadava<\/strong>\".<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Military conquests:<\/strong>\r\n
                                \r\n\t
                              • He established the independent kingdom of Yadavas.<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • He fought with the Hoysala king\u00a0Ballala II\u00a0<\/strong>to control the Chalukya capital Kalyani and defeated him\u00a0at Soratur.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Contemporary:<\/strong>\u00a0He patronised the scholar\u00a0Bhaskara<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            Simhana II (1200-1246 AD)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                              \r\n\t
                            • Military conquests:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                                \r\n\t
                              • He launched a military campaign against the\u00a0Hoysalas<\/strong>\u00a0and invaded the northern\u00a0Paramara kingdom.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                              • He defeated the\u00a0Kolhapur Shilahara king Bhoja II.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Contemporary:\u00a0<\/strong>He patronised Sarangadeva, Cangadeva and Anantadeva.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            Ramchandra\u00a0<\/strong>(1291-1309 AD)<\/td>\r\n\r\n
                              \r\n\t
                            • He fought against the\u00a0Vaghelas, Hoysalas, Kakatiyas and Paramaras.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                            • In 1308 AD,\u00a0Malik Kafur,<\/strong>\u00a0under Alauddin Khalji defeated Ramchandra and imprisoned him in Delhi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            Contribution<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            Architecture<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                            Gondeshwar Temple, Sinnar<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                            \"\"<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                            		\r\n
                              \r\n\t
                            • Patron:<\/strong>\u00a0It is an 11th-12th century Hindu temple built by Yadava rulers in the\u00a0Nashik\u00a0<\/strong>district of Maharashtra.<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Features:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                                \r\n\t
                              • It features in\u00a0Bhumija style<\/strong>\u00a0of\u00a0Panchayatana\u00a0<\/strong>plan, with a main shrine dedicated to Shiva.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                            Literature\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                              \r\n\t
                            • They were the first major dynasty to use\u00a0Marathi\u00a0<\/strong>as an official language.<\/li>\r\n\t
                            • Author and their literary work:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                                \r\n\t
                              • Mukundaraya<\/strong>: Vivekasindhu<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Hemadri<\/strong>: Chaturanga Chintamani<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Dnyaneshwar<\/strong>: Dnyaneshwari<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Mahimabhatta<\/strong>: Lilacharita<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Sarangapani<\/strong>: sangeetaratnakara<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Kamalabhava<\/strong>: Santhishwarapurana.<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Achanna<\/strong>: Vardhamanapurana<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Chaundarasa<\/strong>: Dashakumara Charite<\/li>\r\n\t
                              • Bhaskaracharya<\/strong>: Karnakutuhala and Siddhanta Shiromani<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n

                                Hoysala Dynasty<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n

                                The Hoysala dynasty was a prominent South Indian dynasty that ruled over the region of\u00a0Karnataka\u00a0<\/strong>from the 10th to the 14th century. They were feudatories of\u00a0Western Chalukyas<\/strong>. They were known for their significant contributions to art, architecture, and literature, and their rule marked a golden age in the history of Karnataka.<\/p>\r\n

                                \"\"<\/p>\r\n

                                Map - Hoysala Empire<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
                                Hoysala dynasty<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                Period:\u00a01050 - 1355 AD<\/strong><\/td>\r\nCapital:\u00a0Halebidu and Belur<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                \r\n
                                  \r\n\t
                                • Founder: Sala\u00a0<\/strong>is the founder of the Hoysala dynasty.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Extent of rule:\u00a0<\/strong>They ruled over parts of modern-day Karnataka and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Sources:\u00a0<\/strong>Belur inscription of the Hoysala king\u00a0Vishnuvardhana\u00a0<\/strong>mentions Sala as the founder of the Hoysala Dynasty.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Religion:\u00a0<\/strong>They were the followers of\u00a0Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Jainism.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Division of kingdom:<\/strong>\u00a0Kingdom \u2192 Nadu \u2192 Vishaya \u2192 Kampana \u2192 Desha<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                Famous rulers<\/strong><\/td>\r\nVishnuvardhana (1108\u20131152 AD)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                                  \r\n\t
                                • Titles:<\/strong>\u00a0Bitti Deva, Talakadugonda,<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Religion:<\/strong>\u00a0He was Jain but later converted to Hindu under the influence of\u00a0Ramanujacharya<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Military conquests:<\/strong>\r\n
                                    \r\n\t
                                  • He annexed Gangavadi and parts of Nolambavadi from the Cholas in 1116<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Contemporary:<\/strong>\u00a0He patronised mathematician Rajaditya.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Contribution:<\/strong>\u00a0He built the Keerthi Narayana temple at Talakad and the Vijayanarayana temple at Belur.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                Veera Ballala II (1173\u20131220)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                                  \r\n\t
                                • Military conquests:<\/strong>\u00a0He fought wars with the Yadavas, Kalachuris, Pandyas of Madurai and the Western Chalukya Empire.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Contemporary:<\/strong>\u00a0He adorned the Jain poets Janna and Nemichandra and the Brahman poet Rudrabhatta.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                Contribution to Architecture and Literature<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                Architecture<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n

                                They developed a distinct style of architecture known as the Hoysala School of Art. Some of the features of the architecture are:<\/p>\r\n

                                  \r\n\t
                                • Multiple shrines:<\/strong>\u00a0They built multiple shrines around a central pillared hall.\r\n\r\n
                                    \r\n\t
                                  • Shrines were made according to the\u00a0stellate plan<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Material:<\/strong>Soft soapstone<\/strong>\u00a0(Chlorite schist) was the main building material.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Decoration:\u00a0<\/strong>Both the interior and exterior walls were\u00a0intricately carved.\u00a0<\/strong>Sculptures and jewellery were also decorated.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Interconnectedness:\u00a0<\/strong>All the chambers had Shikharas, which were interconnected by an\u00a0arrangement of horizontal lines and mouldings.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Jagati:\u00a0<\/strong>The temples were built on an\u00a0upraised platform<\/strong>\u00a0known as Jagati, which was about 1 metre high.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Zig-zag pattern:\u00a0<\/strong>The walls and stairs of the temple followed a zigzag pattern.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                \r\n

                                Kesava Temple at Somanathapura<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                \"\"<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                                		\r\n
                                  \r\n\t
                                • Patron:\u00a0<\/strong>It was built under King\u00a0Narasimha III<\/strong>\u00a0in 1268 C.E.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Location:<\/strong>\u00a0It is a\u00a0Vaishnava\u00a0<\/strong>Hindu temple on the banks of River\u00a0Kaveri\u00a0<\/strong>at Somanathapura in Karnataka.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Features:<\/strong>\r\n
                                    \r\n\t
                                  • The temple is built from\u00a0soapstone\u00a0<\/strong>and is known for its\u00a0lathe-turned pillars, symmetrical archit<\/strong>ecture and intricate sculptures.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • It depicts the legends and spiritual stories found in the Ramayana, the Puranas and the Mahabharata.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                \r\n

                                Chennakesava Temple, Belur<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                \"\"<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                                		\r\n
                                  \r\n\t
                                • Patron:\u00a0<\/strong>It was commissioned by Hoysala King\u00a0Vishnuvardhana\u00a0<\/strong>in 1117 AD.\r\n\r\n
                                    \r\n\t
                                  • The Vijayanagara Empire repaired it under the sponsorship of\u00a0Harihara II.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Location:<\/strong>\u00a0It is a Hindu temple dedicated to lord\u00a0Vishnu<\/strong>\u00a0on the banks of the\u00a0Yagachi\u00a0<\/strong>River in the Hassan district of Karnataka.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Features:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                                      \r\n\t
                                    • It includes themes from\u00a0Shaivism, Shaktism, Jainism and Buddhism<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                    • It is renowned for the 48 unique pillars inside the main hall.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                \r\n

                                Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

                                \"\"<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

                                		\r\n
                                  \r\n\t
                                • Patron:\u00a0<\/strong>It was commissioned by Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Location:<\/strong>\u00a0It is a Hindu temple dedicated to lord\u00a0Shiva<\/strong>\u00a0in Halebidu town of Karnataka.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Features:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                                    \r\n\t
                                  • It includes themes from\u00a0Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Jainism<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • It is a twin temple carved from\u00a0soapstone<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • The sculptures inside the temple depict scenes from the\u00a0Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Bhagavata Purana.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                Literature<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\r\n
                                  \r\n\t
                                • The Hoyasala period saw the growth of\u00a0Kannada\u00a0<\/strong>literature, the development of the\u00a0Champu style and the Saptapadi metre.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t
                                • Author and their literary work:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n
                                    \r\n\t
                                  • Janna:<\/strong>\u00a0Yashodharacharite (It is the story of a king intending to perform a ritual sacrifice of two young boys to a local deity)<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Rudrabhatta:\u00a0<\/strong>Jagannatha Vijaya (It describes the fight of Krishna with the demon Banasura)<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Harihara:\u00a0<\/strong>Girijakalyana (It represents the marriage of Shiva and Parvati)<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Madhvacharya:\u00a0<\/strong>Rigbhshya<\/li>\r\n\t
                                  • Vidyatirtha:<\/strong>\u00a0Rudraprshnabhashya<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
                                Decline: Veera Ballala III<\/strong>, the son of Narasimha III is considered the last ruler of the Hoysala dynasty. He reunified the kingdom, but after his death at the\u00a0battle of Madurai in 1343<\/strong>, the kingdom disintegrated and was merged with other empires.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                Western Chalukya Dynasty (10th\u201312th century) shaped Deccan history with strong administration, Kannada literature, and Gadag-style temple architecture.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":7880,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[40,161],"class_list":{"0":"post-2725","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-notes","8":"tag-quest","9":"tag-southern-kingdoms-in-medieval-india"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2725","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2725"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2725\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22463,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2725\/revisions\/22463"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7880"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2725"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2725"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2725"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}