{"id":2749,"date":"2025-12-09T13:56:56","date_gmt":"2025-12-09T08:26:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2749"},"modified":"2025-12-20T15:39:05","modified_gmt":"2025-12-20T10:09:05","slug":"post-mauryan-age-northern-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/post-mauryan-age-northern-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Post-Mauryan Age, Map, UPSC Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>Political History of Northern India<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p>After the death of Asoka, his\u00a0<strong>successors were not able to keep<\/strong>\u00a0the vast Mauryan Empire intact. The subsequent rulers were relatively weak and lacked the same level of administrative and military capabilities as their predecessors.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The provinces started declaring their\u00a0<strong>independence<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The northwest India slipped out of the control of the Mauryas, and a series of\u00a0<strong>foreign invasions<\/strong>\u00a0affected this region.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Kalinga declared its independence, and the Satavahanas established their independent rule further south.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>The religious policy of the Mauryas<\/strong>\u00a0angered the Shungas, who were staunch followers of Brahmanism.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Thus, Mauryan rule was confined to the Gangetic Valley, and it was soon\u00a0<strong>replaced by the Sunga dynasty.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Shunga Dynasty<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh5.googleusercontent.com\/EYR8Gug5tfIkPHnQYO5FLX87_4RDqQ1Px6jGRdTVYP1ihxamEGpZsgXTDSw4gSOLRO8xUfHc521M8OPOdKTm9Z-cRKjptaIrmfIH5-nhIpX2ktzN-GapGXw3tatLQ3cAEc3m1nyxtZtv-VHLWrAObw\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Map:Shunga Dynasty<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"3\"><strong>Shunga Dynasty<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Period<\/strong>: 185 BC - 73 BC<\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Capital<\/strong>: Pataliputra and Vidisha<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"3\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It was founded by\u00a0<strong>Pusyamitra Shunga<\/strong>\u00a0by assassinating the last Mauryan ruler\u00a0<strong>Brihadratha<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>They ruled over northwestern and central India in the north, up to Narmada in the south.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>They defended the Gangetic Valley from foreign invasions.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Administration<\/strong>: The Mauryan system of administering the provinces through princes of r<strong>oyal blood continued<\/strong>, and royal power tended to decentralise in the form of the establishment of nuclear kingdoms within the empire.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Pushyamitra Shunga<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>185 \u2013 149 BCE<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Fought a campaign\u00a0<strong>against Kharavela\u00a0<\/strong>of Kalinga, who invaded north India.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He conducted several\u00a0<strong>campaigns against the Yavanas<\/strong>, Indo-Greeks, who were trying in this period to expand from Bactria into northwestern India.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He performed\u00a0<strong>Ashvamedha\u00a0<\/strong>to legitimise his right to rule. The\u00a0<strong>Ayodhya Inscription of Dhandeva<\/strong>\u00a0mentions that he performed two Ashwamedha Yagyas.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>He was a staunch follower of orthodox\u00a0<strong>Hinduism<\/strong>; however, he renovated Buddhist Stupa at Bharhut.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Contemporary to\u00a0<strong>Patanjali\u00a0<\/strong>(author of Mahabhasya)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>His history is recorded in\u00a0<strong>Banabhatta\u2019s Harshacharita.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Agnimitra<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>(149 \u2013 141 BC)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\u201c<strong>Malvikagnimitra<\/strong>\u201d, a Sanskrit drama written by Kalidasa, is related to him. It is based on Sunga king Agnimitra's love for Vidharbha princess Malvika.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Other Rulers<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Vasumitra, Vajramitra, Bhagabhadra, Devabhuti (Last ruler).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Devabhuti<\/strong>, the last ruler of the Shunga dynasty, was assassinated by his minister Vasudeva Kanva, thus ending the Shunga empire.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Administration of Shungas<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"3\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The Mauryan system of administering the provinces through princes of royal blood continued.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Royal power tended to decentralise in the form of the establishment of nuclear kingdoms within the empire.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Empire was divided into\u00a0<strong>provinces<\/strong>. The provinces were further divided into districts or\u00a0<strong>Janapadas<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The head of the administration was the king, who was assisted by a\u00a0<strong>council of ministers (Mantriparishad)<\/strong>. The king was responsible for the overall administration of the empire and was advised by the council of ministers on matters of policy and governance.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Contribution of Shungas to Art, Architecture and Literature<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Bharhut Stupa (place)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/Vj27-cT9KtIvAXR5J1-Y2Qh3rehnROdK8gPkHUiUJudR3edvi6vqSxeCVcpulRwrzs8CbCmnNuHnd_hvIeUprCuQyHgo0dMkMF766nGceNkZnCmV9Zil9cqWqVr5E1FxkMn7hnSGr4I_u2xys1YDsg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Discovered by\u00a0<strong>Cunninghum<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Originally built by Ashoka but enlarged and renovated during the Shunga period in the mid-2nd century BC.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Situated at\u00a0<strong>Satna district<\/strong>\u00a0of Madhya Pradesh.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It is important for its sculptures. Its railings are made of red stone.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It marks the beginnings of a tradition of Buddhist narrative relief and decoration of sacred buildings.\u00a0<strong>E.g. Queen Mayadevi\u2019s dream and depiction of Ruru Jataka.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Sanchi Stupa\u00a0<\/strong>(Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh)<\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/zOKM052T30yuUGvzYrefrfGrJKU0Jw016-UVWOtUPtPIQ7EUCen28DVjFEcRqVPXCClyyHlOQ3COVh1EoQKw1Qi8utPuVCErl-d9amRoLE4rDceB6L5w5KUN2vrjXTPzmFMABZPtW_-hIe4je9xGSw\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Discovered by\u00a0<strong>General Taylor.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Originally built by Ashoka but enlarged and renovated\u00a0<strong>during the Shunga period\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0(2nd century BC).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Situated in the trading<strong>\u00a0route of Dakshinapatha<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Known for the lavish carvings on its decorated gateways \/<strong>torans built during\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Satavahanas<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Figurines<\/strong>\u00a0in Sanchi though small, are very\u00a0<strong>naturalistic<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Jataka stories<\/strong>\u00a0are an important part of the narratives.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Heliodorus Pillar\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0(near Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh)<\/p>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/kb_nr543tmFgZ8QN4Wm_AOsbP2I2OCsXxcYh0B2AxOJU-2emG5Oz5d346D2C2KDU2niC5ZsXdbnUFvzdic1-CD-YT-QAjDBKjsjtU9RLSNV9-V3y0kkz8wyQUCIRgdrdrwz940BgZVqFSW4ZJaF42A\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stone column erected by\u00a0<strong>Heliodorus<\/strong>, the Greek ambassador to the court of the Shunga king Bhagabhadra, around 150BC<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Erected in honour of Vasudeva.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The inscription on the Pillar is, therefore, famously known as the\u00a0<strong>Besnagar Inscription<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It reveals that the Shungas continued the Maurya tradition of entertaining ambassadors from the Greek court.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2><strong>Kanva Dynasty<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/mq1ikdbnk8voIEASD3CDSPfnHD4s2CjozxKn4hfhJgfaiZclAx_TaI_0e25ZkyAPW_w-7L2U3A1pQOHlEbEI8Taq9DAneLYHNzxdeCYqaTxappWluRdCESJYuTMLQvNxpX-wfyR4-hg0JCCsPS4-gw\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Map: Kanva Dynasty<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Kanva Dynasty<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Period:\u00a0<\/strong>73 BC-28 BC<\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Capital:\u00a0<\/strong>Pataliputra and Vidisha<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It was founded by Vasudeva Kanva (minister of Shunga King Devabhuti), by killing the last Shunga ruler Devabhuti.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Bana,\u00a0<\/strong>the 7th-century Sanskrit author, gives details of an assassination plot that cost\u00a0<strong>Devabhuti (Devabhumi)<\/strong>\u00a0his life and brought Vasudeva to power in about 72 BCE.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>They were Brahmins and are considered descendants of Sage Saubhari.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Rulers after Vasudeva:\u00a0<\/strong>Bhumimitra, Narayana, Susharman (last king).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Coins bearing the legend Bhumimitra have been discovered from the Panchala<strong>\u00a0realm.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>It ruled for a very short period. The last Kanva ruler Susharman was killed by Balipuccha of the Andhra dynasty.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2><strong>Chedi Dynasty<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"3\"><strong>Chedi Dynasty<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Period:\u00a0<\/strong>1st century BCE<\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Capital:\u00a0<\/strong>Suktimati-Puri<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"3\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Established in Kalinga around 1st Century BC by King\u00a0<strong>Abhichandra<\/strong>, with\u00a0<strong>Suktimati-Puri<\/strong>\u00a0as capital on the banks of the river Suktimati.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Also known as Cheta or Mahameghavahana, or Chetavamsa.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>After Ashoka, Kalinga (present-day Orissa) became prominent under the kings of the Chedi dynasty.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>No information about the kings of the dynasty except Kharavela.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>King Kharvela<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Ruled approximately around the first\u00a0<strong>century BCE.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>His achievements are recorded in the\u00a0<strong>Hathigumpha inscription<\/strong>, situated in the\u00a0<strong>Udayagiri hills<\/strong>\u00a0near Bhuvaneshvar in Orissa.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A follower of Jainism.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Succeeded by his son\u00a0<strong>Kudepasiri<\/strong>, who is mentioned in an inscription found in the\u00a0<strong>Mancapuri Cave.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong><u>Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves<\/u><\/strong><strong>\u00a0(Odisha)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/TbqO8Os2zleibipCQSHimrI5Qx4ee5RGBs30WyqplmG_e3XPtLrH9rXlFjuAOgTyaq2yZojAU7rE3bdD6SqhSaoRlH_T2OjCPBNfjYvVhRZ6T8jo0QeCUF_koRj34Dz7XILPqgFTZmAlOc7FENdzgg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Made under the Kalinga King Kharavela in 1st-2nd century BC near modern-day Bhubaneswar.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Has both artificial and natural caves (possibly carved out as residence of Jain monks).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Famous for the\u00a0<strong>Hathigumpha inscription<\/strong>, carved out in Brahmi script, which starts out with \u201cJain Namokar Mantra\u201d and highlights various military campaigns undertaken by King Kharavela.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Ranigumpha cave<\/strong>\u00a0in Udayagiri is double-storied and has some beautiful sculptures.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2><strong>Post Mauryan Art and Architecture<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The art of this period started reflecting the changing socio-political scenario as well. The architecture in the\u00a0<strong>form of rock-cut cave<\/strong>s and stupas continued, with each dynasty introducing some unique features of their own.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\u00a0Similarly, different schools of sculpture emerged, and the art of\u00a0<strong>sculpture reached its climax in the post-Mauryan period.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Development of Stupas:\u00a0<\/strong>Stupas are Buddhist commemorative monuments usually housing sacred relics associated with the Buddha or other saintly persons.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Three prominent stupas of this period are at<strong>\u00a0Bharhut and\u00a0<\/strong><strong><u>Sanchi<\/u><\/strong>(both in M.P), which were originally built by Ashoka but enlarged later, and Amravati and Nagarjunkonda (both in Andhra Pradesh).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Stupas became\u00a0<strong>larger and more decorative<\/strong>\u00a0in the post-Mauryan period. Stone was increasingly used in place of wood and brick.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The\u00a0<strong>Shunga<\/strong>\u00a0dynasty introduced the<strong>\u00a0idea of torans<\/strong>\u00a0as beautifully decorated gateways to the stupas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Early Temples Architecture:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>During this time, Brahmanical temples and images of gods began to be built.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Myths mentioned in the Puranas became part of narrative representation of the Brahmanical religion.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Temples were<strong>\u00a0decorated with the images of gods.<\/strong>\u00a0Each temple had an<strong>\u00a0image of a Chief Deity.\u00a0<\/strong>These temples are simple structures consisting of a veranda, a hall and a shrine at the rear.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Important temple sites of this period:\u00a0<\/strong>Deogarh in Uttar Pradesh, Eran, Nachna-Kuthara and Udayagiri near Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>The shrines of the temples were of three kinds:\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Sandhara type\u00a0<\/strong>(without pradikshinapatha),<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Nirandhara type<\/strong>\u00a0(with pradakshina patha)<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Sarvatobhadra\u00a0<\/strong>(which can be accessed from all sides).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Religion and society<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Rise of Brahmanism:<\/strong>\u00a0People in the post-Mauryan period practised Vedic religion, Buddhism, and Jainism. However, under Shunga's rule, there was a revival of Brahmanism. There was an increase in rituals such as Ashwamedha and Rajasuya.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stories of Pushyamitra's brutality and hostility against Buddhism are described in the\u00a0<strong>Divyavadana<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Varna system:\u00a0<\/strong>The four-fold varna system also\u00a0<strong>revived during the post-Mauryan period. Thus,\u00a0<\/strong>the social structure became rigid as the fourfold varna system was more strengthened. The dominance of priests and the ruling class was strengthened, while the conditions of Shudras remained unchanged.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Position of women:\u00a0<\/strong>Women's position in society was generally limited to domestic roles, and they were expected to follow strict codes of conduct as mentioned in the\u00a0<strong>Manusmriti.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Cultural expanse:<\/strong>\u00a0It was the period of the emergence of various mixed castes and the integration of foreigners into Indian society.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Post-Mauryan Language and Literature\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Sanskrit became more popular during this period it was used to write Buddhist texts of this period.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Patanjali:\u00a0<\/strong>His important works include:\u00a0<strong>Yoga Sutras\u00a0<\/strong>(a collection of Sanskrit sutras (aphorisms) on the theory and practice of yoga),\u00a0<strong>Mahabhasya\u00a0<\/strong>(an ancient treatise on Sanskrit grammar and linguistics) and\u00a0<strong>Patanjali Tantra\u00a0<\/strong>(medical text).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Sanskrit language was written using the variant version of\u00a0<strong>Brahmi script.<\/strong>\u00a0It is believed that the writing serves as a link between the Kalinga Brahmi script and the Maurya script.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Development of trade and commerce<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Craft and commerce:<\/strong>\u00a0Jyestha was the head of the guild of artisans. Mathura was a major centre for the production of a special type of cloth known as shataka.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Merchant class:\u00a0<\/strong>During this period, trade flourished and resulted in the rise of many types of merchant guilds.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Shreshti\u00a0<\/strong>was the headman of the merchant guild (shreni), while\u00a0<strong>Sarthavaha\u00a0<\/strong>was the leader of sartha (mobile or caravan trading corporation).\u00a0<strong>Vanijgramo\u00a0<\/strong>was the head of the corporation of merchants.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Trade routes: Uttarapatha\u00a0<\/strong>was the internal trade land route connecting northern and eastern parts of India with the northwestern areas.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Dakshinapatha\u00a0<\/strong>was the trade land route connecting peninsular India with the western and northern parts of India.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Discovery of monsoon:\u00a0<\/strong>Discovery of monsoon led to the development of external trade.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Export of spices to the Romans and import of gold and silver from Romans was common.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><strong>Decline<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Satavahanas<\/strong>: After the decline of the Kanavas, the\u00a0<strong>Satavahanas<\/strong>\u00a0rose to power.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Foreign invasions<\/strong>: Around the same time, 200 BCE, there were invasions from Central Asia and western China. Among these were the\u00a0<strong>Indo-Greeks<\/strong>, Scythians or\u00a0<strong>Shakas<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>Parthians<\/strong>\u00a0or Pahlavas, and\u00a0<strong>Kushanas<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>These invasions not only altered the political structure of northwestern India but also contributed to the transmission and<strong>\u00a0transformation of cultural elements<\/strong> from both India and the Central Asian region.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Post-Mauryan Age explores the political history of Northern India, decline of Mauryas, rise of Shungas, Kanvas and Chedis, foreign invasions, art and society.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":7882,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[153,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-2749","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-notes","8":"tag-post-mauryan-age","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2749"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22466,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749\/revisions\/22466"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7882"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2749"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2749"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2749"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}