{"id":2781,"date":"2026-03-04T14:05:49","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T08:35:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2781"},"modified":"2026-03-10T12:10:20","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T06:40:20","slug":"foundation-of-indian-national-congress","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/foundation-of-indian-national-congress\/","title":{"rendered":"Foundation of Indian National Congress 1885, History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The\u00a0<strong>Foundation of Indian National Congress<\/strong>\u00a0(INC) in 1885, stands as a cornerstone in India's fight for independence and has played a crucial role in shaping the country's political landscape. Before its inception, several socio-political movements and organizations laid the groundwork for the formation of the Indian National Congress.<\/p>\r\n<p>Till 1947, there were numerous INC sessions (annual and special INC sessions) to discuss the political situation in the country and to pass resolutions on important issues. These INC sessions served as platforms for inclusive and collective decision-making and planning for the course of India's struggle for freedom. Foundation of the Indian National Congress<\/p>\r\n<p>While many Indians had been contemplating the formation of an all-India organization for nationalist political activists, it was<strong>\u00a0A.O. Hume,<\/strong>\u00a0a retired English Civil Servant, who played a crucial role in giving the idea a concrete and definitive form. He engaged with prominent Indian leaders and collaborated with them to organize the inaugural INC session in Bombay in December 1885. Hume's primary intention in establishing and promoting this association was likely to provide a \"safety valve\" for the mounting discontent among educated Indians.<\/p>\r\n<p>Initially, it was decided to hold a conference in the name of<strong>\u00a0the Indian National Union<\/strong>\u00a0to be held in\u00a0<strong>Poona,\u00a0<\/strong>but the venue was shifted to<strong>\u00a0Bombay\u00a0<\/strong>due to the\u00a0<strong>cholera outbreak\u00a0<\/strong>in Poona. The first meeting was held on Monday, 28 December 1885, in\u00a0<strong>Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>The aims and objectives of the Congress\u00a0<\/strong>were defined very clearly by the 1st President of INC,\u00a0<strong>W. C. Bonnerjee<\/strong>. He described the objectives as:\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Promotion of personal intimacy and friendship amongst the countrymen<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Eradication of all possible prejudices relating to race, creed or provinces<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Consolidation of sentiments of national unity<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Recording of the opinions of educated classes on pressing problems of the day<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Laying down lines for future courses of action in the public interest<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Participation<\/strong>:\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The\u00a0<strong>dominance of lawyers\u00a0<\/strong>within Congress is a commonly made argument. Notably absent were members of the old aristocracy, such as Rajas, Maharajas, prominent Zamindars, and wealthy merchants, as they perceived a threat from the emerging liberal and nationalist ideas.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Similarly, the Congress did not attract a significant following from peasants or artisans.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Theories related to Foundation of Indian National Congress<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Indian National Congress holds a crucial place in India's history, and as a result, contemporary opinions and subsequent historians have often pondered the factors that led to its establishment. Even a hundred years after its inception, this matter remains a subject of ongoing discussion among historians.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Safety Valve Theory<\/h3>\r\n<p>The theory posits that Hume founded the Congress with the expectation that it would function as a \"safety valve\" for the escalating discontent among Indians. This notion was endorsed by extremist leaders, including\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/lala-lajpat-rai\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Lala Lajpat Rai<\/strong>.<\/a><\/p>\r\n<h3>Conspiracy Theory<\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>Rajani Palme Dutt<\/strong>\u00a0is credited with originating the Conspiracy Theory, which emerged from the 'safety valve' concept. According to Dutt, the INC was born from a conspiracy to quash a popular uprising in India, and he believed that the bourgeois (middle-class) leaders of India were also involved in this scheme.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Lightning Conductor Theory<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gopal-krishna-gokhale\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Gopal Krishna Gokhale<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0proposed the \"lightning conductor theory,\" suggesting that the INC was an expression of politically conscious Indians' aspiration to form a national entity representing their political and economic demands.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Modern Indian historians believe that the early Congress leaders utilized Hume as a \"lightning conductor\" to act as a catalyst, uniting nationalist forces, even if the facade of a \"safety valve\" was maintained.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Important INC Sessions<\/h2>\r\n<p>Initially, the Congress lacked strong cohesion, regular membership, or a central office, and its views were mild and moderate. But ultimately leading to the realisation of India's aspirations for freedom, sovereignty, and self-reliance within about sixty years. Following are the significant INC sessions, their Presidents and outcome:<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Important INC Sessions<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1885<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Mumbai\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President:\u00a0<\/strong>Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:<\/strong>\u00a0Formation of Indian National Congress<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The 1st session of INC drew 72 delegates from all Indian provinces. There were 54 Hindus and 2 Muslims; the remaining members were Jain and Parsi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>- Viceroy-\u00a0<\/strong>Lord Dufferin<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1886<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Calcutta<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Dadabhai Naoroji\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Towards the end of this INC session, the Congress decided to set up\u00a0<strong>Provincial Congress Committees\u00a0<\/strong>across the country.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1887<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Madras<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President:\u00a0<\/strong>Badruddin Tyabji<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>First\u00a0<strong>Muslim\u00a0<\/strong>president<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1888<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Allahabad\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President:\u00a0<\/strong>George Yule<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>First\u00a0<strong>English\u00a0<\/strong>president<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1889<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Sir William Wedderburn<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>The main resolutions passed<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Adoption of the Congress creed<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Resolution on education<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Resolution on agriculture<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1901<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Calcutta<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Dinshaw Eduljee Wacha<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The 1901 Calcutta\u2019s INC Session was the first time\u00a0<strong>Mahatma Gandhi<\/strong>\u00a0appeared on the Congress platform.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>The main resolutions passed:<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Resolution on the drain of wealth<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Resolution on the famine<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1905<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Banaras<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Gopal Krishna Gokhale<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Resentment was shown against the partition of Bengal<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Proclamation of Swadeshi movement<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1906<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Calcutta<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Dadabhai Naoroji\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>The main resolutions passed at this INC session were:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Adoption of the goal of Swaraj<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Condemnation of the Partition of Bengal<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1907<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Surat<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Rash Behari Ghosh<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Extremist leaders like<strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bal-gangadhar-tilak\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bal Gangadhar Tilak<\/a><\/strong>, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal were pushing for resolutions on Swaraj, Boycott and national education, while moderate leaders like Surendranath Banerjea and Gopal Krishna Gokhale were advocating a softer approach.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>With no meeting ground between the two sections, this INC Session disintegrated into confusion and eventually had to be suspended.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Congress declared Swaraj as its aim.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1916<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Lucknow<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Ambica Charan Mazumdar<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It represented the unification of the moderates and extremists within the Congress but also the closing of ranks between the Congress and the All India Muslim League.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1917<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Calcutta<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Annie Besant<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The Congress got its first woman President at the Calcutta Session in 1917.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1920<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Calcutta<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>(special INC session)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Lala Lajpat Rai<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>This INC session was called to discuss the situation in India following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat Movement.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The session passed a resolution launching the Non-Cooperation Movement<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1920<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Nagpur<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: C. Vijayaraghavachariar<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The Congress sought to intensify the Non-Cooperation Movement.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It urged merchants to boycott any foreign trade relations and urged government servants to help the national cause.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1923<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Delhi<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>(special INC session)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: <\/strong>Maulana Mohammad Ali (youngest person to become president)<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Congress reaffirmed its commitment to the principles of non-violent non-cooperation.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Congress decided to suspend all propaganda against council entry and allow congressmen to stand as candidates in the upcoming elections.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1924<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Belgaum<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: M.K. Gandhi<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Only INC session chaired by MK Gandhi<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1925<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Kanpur<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Sarojini Naidu<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Sarojini Naidu became the\u00a0<strong>second woman and first Indian woman<\/strong>\u00a0to preside over the Congress<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1929<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Lahore<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President:\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Jawaharlal Nehru<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It passed the historic\u00a0<strong>\u2018Purna Swaraj\u2019<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 (total independence) resolution<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1931<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Karachi<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Vallabbhai J. Patel<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>In addition to\u00a0<strong>fundamental rights<\/strong>\u00a0which protected civil liberties, the Resolution for the first time put forward a list of\u00a0<strong>socio-economic principles\/rights\u00a0<\/strong>that the Indian state had to adhere to.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Irwin- Gandhi Pact approved<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Congress conveyed its appreciation for the courage and sacrifices made by\u00a0<strong>Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru<\/strong>, who were executed on March 23, 1931, while simultaneously expressing its disapproval of political violence.<strong>.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1936<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Lucknow<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Jawaharlal Nehru<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The main theme of this INC session was the economic and social upliftment of the Indian people.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>During this INC session, a resolution was approved, demanding full independence from British rule.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1937<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Faizpur\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President: Jawaharlal Nehru<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The<strong>\u00a050th<\/strong>\u00a0INC session, the\u00a0<strong>first to be held in a rural setting.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Congress reiterated the \u201centire rejection of GoI Act 1935\u201d<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The call for a Constituent Assembly elected by adult suffrage was made, and the impact of the\u00a0<strong>Kisan Manifesto<\/strong>\u00a0was evident in the agrarian program adopted by the INC during its Faizpur session.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1938<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Haripura (Gujarat)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President:<\/strong>\u00a0Subhas Chandra Bose<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>National Planning Committee set up under Jawaharlal Nehru<\/li>\r\n\t<li>INC reinforced their commitment towards the attainment of Poorna Swaraj and the need for a responsible government.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1939<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President:<\/strong>Subhash Chandra Bose<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Bose defeated the Gandhi-supported\u00a0<em><strong>Pattabhi Sitaramayya<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0in the election for president.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Bose and a faction of the Working Committee encountered disagreements, leading to Bose's resignation from his presidency.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1946<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Meerut<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President:<\/strong>\u00a0J.B. Kripalani<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Main resolutions passed\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Decision to participate in the Constituent Assembly<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Formation of the National Planning Committee<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>Year: 1948<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Place: Jaipur<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><strong>- President:<\/strong>\u00a0B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The main resolutions passed at this INC session were:\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Homage to Mahatma Gandhi<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Adoption of the Objectives Resolution<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Decision to hold general elections<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 175px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/foundation-of-indian-national-congress\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Foundation of Indian National Congress<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a 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target=\"_blank\"><strong>Important Leaders of the Revolt of 1857<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/british-indian-association\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>British Indian Association<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/jhansi-rani-lakshmibai\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/madras-mahajana-sabha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Madras Mahajana Sabha<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/vedic-period\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Vedic Period<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bombay-presidency-association\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Bombay Presidency Association<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, gave rise to the Safety Valve Theory and the Lightning Conductor Theory, and throughout its history, held significant sessions with various outcomes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15103,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[148,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-2781","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-notes","8":"tag-foundation-of-indian-national-congress","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2781"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19081,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781\/revisions\/19081"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2781"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2781"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2781"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}