{"id":2781,"date":"2026-08-22T14:05:49","date_gmt":"2026-08-22T08:35:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2781"},"modified":"2026-08-22T15:08:03","modified_gmt":"2026-08-22T09:38:03","slug":"foundation-of-indian-national-congress","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/foundation-of-indian-national-congress\/","title":{"rendered":"Foundation of Indian National Congress 1885, Founders, Leaders"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <\/span><b>Foundation of Indian National Congress<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (INC) in 1885 stands as a cornerstone in India's fight for independence and has played a crucial role in shaping the country's political landscape. Before its inception, several socio-political movements and organisations laid the groundwork for the formation of the Indian National Congress.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Till 1947,\u00a0 there were numerous INC sessions (annual and special INC sessions)\u00a0 to discuss the political situation in the country and to pass resolutions on important issues. These INC sessions served as platforms for inclusive and collective decision-making and planning for the course of India's struggle for freedom.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foundation of Indian National Congress Background<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 was the result of growing political awareness and opposition to colonial policies in nineteenth-century India. The following are the major reasons for the formation of the INC:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Political Awakening: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As modern education and political awareness increased, an educated Indian class emerged, demanding greater participation in administration and public affairs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Economic Exploitation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">British economic policies, such as high taxes and discriminatory trade practices, sparked widespread discontent and prompted educated Indians to question colonial economic exploitation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Rise of Political Associations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Organisations such as the Indian Association, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, and Madras Mahajana Sabha provided forums for political debate and nationalist mobilisation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Role of Press and Literature: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Newspapers such as Amrita Bazar Patrika, The Hindu, and Kesari were instrumental in spreading nationalist ideas and criticising colonial policies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ilbert Bill Controversy:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The 1883 controversy exposed racial discrimination in colonial administration and raised Indian political consciousness, emphasising the importance of organised constitutional activism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Need for an All-India Platform:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Growing regional political activities created the need for a common national organisation to coordinate demands and develop a unified political voice.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian National Congress History<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian National Congress (INC) emerged in <\/span><b>1885 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">as India's first organised all-India political movement, transforming localised anti-colonial discontent into a structured national struggle for self-governance and civil rights.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Precursor of Indian National Congress<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Several political organisations laid the foundation for the Indian National Congress (INC) before its establishment in 1885. The most immediate precursor was the Indian Association, founded in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Role of Indian Association: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It sought to unite Indians across regional and social divisions and promote political awareness.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 1883, the Indian Association organised the Indian National Conference, which is widely regarded as the direct predecessor of the INC.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Indian National Union: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Formed in 1884, it held a convention in Pune that was later merged to create the first session of the INC.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Earlier Organisations: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Earlier organisations also played an important role, including the East India Association, founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in London in 1866, and the British Indian Association, established in Calcutta in 1851 to demand administrative reforms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian National Congress Founders<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Indian National Congress was founded on December 28, 1885, by retired British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume, prominent Indian nationalist leaders Dadabhai Naoroji, and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">INC Inaugural Session<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The historic inaugural session took place on <\/span><b>December 28, 1885, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">at <\/span><b>Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and was attended by <\/span><b>72 delegates<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Originally planned by the Indian National Union to meet in Poona, the venue was shifted to Bombay due to a severe cholera outbreak.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>First Indian National Congress President: W. C. Bonnerjee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> served as the first president of the Indian National Congress during its inaugural session held in <\/span><b>Bombay <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">in <\/span><b>December 1885.<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian National Congress Objectives<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The aims and objectives of the Congress<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">were defined very clearly by <\/span><b>W. C. Bonnerjee<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. He described the objectives as:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promotion of unity and solidarity amongst the countrymen<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eradication of all possible prejudices relating to race, creed or provinces<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Consolidation of sentiments of national unity<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recording of the opinions of educated classes on pressing problems of the day<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Laying down lines for future courses of action in the public interest<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian National Congress Leaders<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Indian National Congress was led by prominent nationalists such as <\/span><b>Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, who shaped India\u2019s nationalist movement through constitutional methods, mass mobilisation, revolutionary ideas and civil disobedience.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Theories Related to Foundation of Indian National Congress<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Indian National Congress holds a crucial place in India's history, and as a result, contemporary opinions and subsequent historians have often pondered the factors that led to its establishment. Even a hundred years after its inception, this matter remains a subject of ongoing discussion among historians.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: inherit;font-size: 29px;font-style: inherit\">Safety Valve Theory<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The theory posits that Hume founded the Congress with the expectation that it would function as a \"safety valve\" for the escalating discontent among Indians. This notion was endorsed by extremist leaders, including <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/lala-lajpat-rai\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Lala Lajpat Rai<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Conspiracy Theory<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Rajani Palme Dutt<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is credited with originating the Conspiracy Theory, which emerged from the 'safety valve' concept. According to Dutt, the INC was born from a conspiracy to quash a popular uprising in India, and he believed that the bourgeois (middle-class) leaders of India were also involved in this scheme.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lightning Conductor Theory<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gopal-krishna-gokhale\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Gopal Krishna Gokhale<\/b> <\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">proposed the \"lightning conductor theory,\" suggesting that the INC was an expression of politically conscious Indians' aspiration to form a national entity representing their political and economic demands. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Modern Indian historians believe that the early Congress leaders utilized Hume as a \"lightning conductor\" to act as a catalyst, uniting nationalist forces, even if the facade of a \"safety valve\" was maintained.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Important Indian National Congress (INC) Sessions<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Initially, the Congress lacked strong cohesion, regular membership, or a central office, and its views were mild and moderate. But ultimately led to the realisation of India's aspirations for freedom, sovereignty, and self-reliance within about sixty years. The following are the significant INC sessions, their Presidents, and outcomes:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<p><b>Important <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/inc-sessions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>INC Sessions<\/b><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1885<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Mumbai\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Formation of Indian National Congress\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 1st session of INC drew 72 delegates from all Indian provinces. There were 54 Hindus and 2 Muslims; the remaining members were Jain and Parsi.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><b>- Viceroy: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lord Dufferin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1886<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Calcutta<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/dadabhai-naoroji\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Dadabhai Naoroji<\/b><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Towards the end of this INC session, the Congress decided to set up <\/span><b>Provincial Congress Committees <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">across the country.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1887<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: <\/b><b>Madras<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: Badruddin Tyabji<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First <\/span><b>Muslim <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">president\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1888<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: <\/b><b>Allahabad\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: <\/b><b>George Yule<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First <\/span><b>English <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">president\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1889<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: Sir William Wedderburn<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>The main resolutions passed<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adoption of the Congress creed<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Resolution on education<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Resolution on agriculture\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1901<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Calcutta<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: Dinshaw Eduljee Wacha<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 1901 Calcutta INC Session was the first time <\/span><b>Mahatma Gandhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> appeared on the Congress platform.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The main resolutions passed:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Resolution on the drain of wealth<\/b><\/li>\r\n\t<li><b>Resolution on the famine<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1905<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Banaras<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: Gopal Krishna Gokhale<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Resentment was shown against the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/partition-of-bengal-1905\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Partition of Bengal<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proclamation of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/swadeshi-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Swadeshi movement<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1906<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: <\/b><b>Calcutta<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: Dadabhai Naoroji\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>The main resolutions passed at this INC session were:<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adoption of the goal of Swaraj<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Condemnation of the Partition of Bengal<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1907<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Surat<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: Rash Behari Ghosh<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Extremist leaders like<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bal-gangadhar-tilak\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b> Bal Gangadhar Tilak<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Lala Lajpat Rai and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bipin-chandra-pal\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bipin Chandra Pal <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">were pushing for resolutions on Swaraj, Boycott and national education, while moderate leaders like<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/surendranath-banerjee\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Surendranath Banerje<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">e and Gopal Krishna Gokhale were advocating a softer approach.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">With no meeting ground between the two sections, this INC Session disintegrated into confusion and eventually had to be suspended.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1916<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: <\/b><b>Lucknow<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: <\/b><b>Ambica Charan Mazumdar<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It represented the unification of the moderates and extremists within the Congress but also the closing of ranks between the Congress and the All India Muslim League.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1917<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Calcutta<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/annie-besant\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b> Annie Besant<\/b><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Congress got its first woman President at the Calcutta Session in 1917.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1920<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Calcutta<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>(special INC session)\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: <\/b><b>Lala Lajpat Rai<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This INC session was called to discuss the situation in India following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat Movement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The session passed a resolution launching the Non-Cooperation Movement<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1920<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Nagpur<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: C. Vijayaraghavachariar<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Congress sought to intensify the Non-Cooperation Movement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It urged merchants to boycott any foreign trade relations and urged government servants to help the national cause.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1923<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Delhi<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>(special INC session)\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: <\/b><b>Maulana Abul Kalam Azad<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (youngest person to become president)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Congress reaffirmed its commitment to the principles of non-violent non-cooperation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Congress decided to suspend all propaganda against council entry and allow congressmen to stand as candidates in the upcoming elections.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1924<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Belgaum<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: M.K. Gandhi<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Only INC session chaired by MK Gandhi\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1925<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: <\/b><b>Kanpur<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sarojini-naidu\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Sarojini Naidu<\/b><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sarojini Naidu became the <\/span><b>second woman and first Indian woman<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to preside over the Congress\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year:\u00a0 1929<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place:\u00a0 <\/b><b>Lahore<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/jawaharlal-nehru\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Jawaharlal Nehru<\/b><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It passed the historic <\/span><b>\u2018Purna Swaraj\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (total independence) resolution<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1931<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Karachi<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sardar-vallabhbhai-patel\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Vallabbhai J. Patel<\/b><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In addition to <\/span><b>fundamental rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> which protected civil liberties, the Resolution for the first time put forward a list of <\/span><b>socio-economic principles\/rights <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">that the Indian state had to adhere to.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Irwin- Gandhi Pact approved\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Congress conveyed its appreciation for the courage and sacrifices made by <\/span><b>Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, who were executed on March 23, 1931, while simultaneously expressing its disapproval of political violence.<\/span><b>.<\/b><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1936<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: <\/b><b>Lucknow<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: <\/b><b>Jawaharlal Nehru<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The main theme of this INC session was the economic and social upliftment of the Indian people.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During this INC session, a resolution was approved, demanding full independence from British rule.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1937<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Faizpur\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President: <\/b><b>Jawaharlal Nehru<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The<\/span><b> 50th<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> INC session, the <\/span><b>first to be held in a rural setting.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Congress reiterated the \u201centire rejection of GoI Act 1935\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The call for a Constituent Assembly elected by adult suffrage was made, and the impact of the <\/span><b>Kisan Manifesto<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was evident in the agrarian program adopted by the INC during its Faizpur session.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1938<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Haripura (<\/b><b>Gujarat<\/b><b>)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/subhash-chandra-bose\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Subhas Chandra Bose<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Planning Committee set up under Jawaharlal Nehru<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">INC reinforced its commitment towards the attainment of Poorna Swaraj and the need for a responsible government.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1939<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: <\/b><b>Tripuri<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>(Madhya Pradesh)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President:<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Subhash Chandra Bose<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bose defeated the Gandhi-supported <\/span><b><i>Pattabhi Sitaramayya<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the election for president.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bose and a faction of the Working Committee encountered disagreements, leading to Bose's resignation from his presidency.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1946<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Meerut<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> J.B. Kripalani<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Main resolutions passed\u00a0<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Decision to participate in the Constituent Assembly<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Year: 1948<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Place: Jaipur<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>- President:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>- Outcomes:\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The main resolutions passed at this INC session were:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Homage to Mahatma Gandhi<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adoption of the Objectives Resolution<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Decision to hold general elections<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foundation of Indian National Congress Significance<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The foundation of the Indian National Congress is significant because it created the first united platform to demand constitutional reforms and eventually led India's independence movement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>First All-India Organisation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Before the INC, political organisations were local and restricted to specific regions. The INC rallied the entire country for a common cause.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Training for Leaders: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It served as a leadership development school for Indians, teaching them about political awareness, public speaking, and democratic governance.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Leaders such as Dadabhai Naoroji and Surendranath Banerjee advocated common political interests.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Exposed Economic Exploitation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Congress leaders systematically analysed colonial economic policies and connected poverty with British exploitation, giving economic nationalism an important place in the freedom struggle.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dadabhai Naoroji's <\/span><b>Drain Theory<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> highlighted the transfer of Indian wealth to Britain.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Constitutional Agitation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Early Congress leaders relied on petitions, resolutions, representations and constitutional methods to demand greater Indian participation in administration and legislative bodies.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Congress repeatedly demanded expansion of legislative councils and simultaneous civil service examinations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Laid Foundations for Mass Nationalism: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although initially limited to educated elites, Congress established an organisational framework that was later transformed into a mass movement under Mahatma Gandhi.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) mobilised millions across India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Shift to Independence:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Although the INC began by politely requesting minor reforms, its foundation laid the groundwork for later mass movements led by leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, which eventually led to India's independence in 1947.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian National Congress Limitations<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Indian National Congress played a central role in India\u2019s freedom struggle, but it faced several limitations, including limited representation, internal divisions, moderate methods, and organisational constraints.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Limited Mass Base:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Initially, the Congress remained largely an elite organisation dominated by educated professionals, lawyers and landlords, with limited participation from peasants, workers and women.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Moderate Approach:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Early Congress leaders relied heavily on petitions, resolutions and constitutional methods, which often failed to secure immediate political concessions from the British government.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Limited Representation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Congress struggled to adequately represent diverse social groups, including Dalits, Muslims, tribal communities and princely-state subjects, creating gaps in its national appeal.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Factionalism and Internal Differences:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ideological disagreements between Moderates and Extremists weakened organisational unity, culminating in the Surat Split of 1907 and temporarily weakening nationalist politics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Communal Representation Challenges:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Congress faced difficulties in addressing competing communal political interests, particularly after the Muslim League's formation in 1906, contributing to growing Hindu-Muslim political divisions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indian National Congress UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Q1: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Evaluate the contribution of the Moderates in formulating a national ideology and creating a public consciousness in late 19th-century India.\u00a0 <\/span><b>(UPSC Mains 2022)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q2<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Consider the following statements: <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2015)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The first woman President of the Indian National Congress was Sarojini Naidu.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress was Badruddin Tyabji.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Both 1 and 2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (b)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q3: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 1929 Session of the Indian National Congress is of significance in the history of the Freedom Movement because <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2014)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Attainment of Self-Government was declared as the objective of the Congress<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Attainment of Poorna Swaraj was adopted as the goal of the Congress<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Non-Cooperation Movement was launched<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Decision to participate in the Round Table Conference in London was taken<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (b)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q4: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Annie Besant was <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2013)\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The founder of the Theosophical Society<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Once the President of the Indian National Congress<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Select the correct statement\/statements using the codes given below:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 and 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) 1 and 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (c)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q5: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress (1929) is very important in history because <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2012)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Congress passed a resolution demanding complete independence<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The rift between the extremists and moderates was resolved in that Session<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A resolution was passed rejecting the two-nation theory in that Session<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 and 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) 1 and 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) None of the above<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (a)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 175px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/foundation-of-indian-national-congress\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Foundation of Indian National Congress<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/poona-sarvajanik-sabha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Poona Sarvajanik Sabha<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/inc-sessions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>INC Sessions<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/the-indian-league\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>The Indian League (1875)<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/moderate-phase-of-inc\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Moderate Phase of INC<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/important-leaders-of-the-revolt-of-1857\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Important Leaders of the Revolt of 1857<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/british-indian-association\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>British Indian Association<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/jhansi-rani-lakshmibai\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Jhansi Rani Lakshmibai<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/madras-mahajana-sabha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Madras Mahajana Sabha<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/vedic-period\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Vedic Period<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bombay-presidency-association\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Bombay Presidency Association<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, was India&#8217;s primary nationalist movement that led the anti-colonial struggle. Check its History, Founder, Sessions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15103,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,20],"tags":[148,40,1067],"class_list":["post-2781","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-upsc-notes","category-upsc-modern-history-notes","tag-foundation-of-indian-national-congress","tag-quest","tag-upsc-modern-history-notes"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2781"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27981,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781\/revisions\/27981"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2781"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2781"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2781"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}