{"id":2799,"date":"2026-03-04T11:11:38","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T05:41:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2799"},"modified":"2026-03-10T12:30:36","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T07:00:36","slug":"peasant-movement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/peasant-movement\/","title":{"rendered":"Peasant Movements in India, History, Evolution, Phases, Year"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The peasants were the worst sufferers in colonial India.\u00a0<strong>Peasant movements were a result of the aggressive British economic policies<\/strong>\u00a0based on mercantilism. This policy caused the commercialisation of agriculture, which altered the mode of production and disrupted traditional agrarian relationships in India. Various land revenue settlements that made the land a tradable entity, as well as deforestation for cash crops, were the causes of peasant movements that were both social unrest against landlords and money lenders and civil unrest against the British.<\/p>\r\n<p>Farmers, tribal people, and even small landlords made up almost the entire population of British India who participated in this unrest. The peasant movements didn't have a strong organisation at first, but as they integrated into the freedom movement, many political parties took charge of them and helped them gain popularity.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Peasant Movements in India Factors<\/h2>\r\n<p>The central factor of the peasant movements in India was the British economic policy and its consequences. These factors are described here:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Stagnization of agriculture: The colonial period's changes to the agrarian structure led to the impoverishment of the Indian peasantry due to:\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Colonial economic policies,<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ruin of the handicrafts resulting in overcrowding of land,<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The new land revenue system,<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The colonial administrative and judicial system.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/land-revenue-system-in-british-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Land revenue settlements<\/strong><\/a> and their effects: Three land revenue systems were introduced in various parts of India to improve the regularity of land revenue collection: Zamindari, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>In all of this, the revenue demand in permanently settled areas was set at a very high level, which led the zamindars to demand even more money from the tenants.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In Ryotwari areas, there was a provision for periodic revision which resulted in an increase in rent every few years.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Commercialization of agriculture: The late nineteenth century saw the development of commercialised agriculture, and the land became a marketable commodity.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Indebtedness: High burden of taxes and strict collection in time, without remission even in times of adversity, forced the peasants to borrow from moneylenders. Over time, this indebtedness resulted in the increasing loss of peasants\u2019 control of the land.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>High-Interest Rate of Zamindars: The overburdened farmer approached the local moneylender, who exploited them by extracting high rates of interest on the money lent.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The actual cultivators were gradually demoted to the status of tenants-at-will, sharecroppers, and landless labourers.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Famines: As a result of the periodic recurrence of famines and the economic depression that occurred in the final decades of the 19th century, the situation in rural areas became even worse, resulting in many peasant uprisings.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Reduction in Production: Decline in agricultural productivity, stagnation in agrarian output, decrease in per capita availability of food.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Peasant Movements in India Phases<\/h2>\r\n<p>On the basis of the period, the peasant movements in India can broadly be grouped into two distinct phases:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>First Phase: Peasant movements before 1857<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Second Phase: Peasant movements after 1857<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>First Phase of Peasant Movements Before 1857<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Nature of Peasant Revolts before 1857:\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Historians sympathetic to the British and the established order often saw these uprisings as a problem of law and order.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The Nationalists tended to appropriate the peasant tribal history to the purposes of the anti-colonial struggle ignoring certain other facets of the oppressed people's struggle.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Leadership: The leadership of these movements often devolved upon men or women who were within the cultural world of the peasants they led. They were able to express the oppressed's protests.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Second Phase of Peasant Movements After 1857<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Peasants emerged as the primary force in agrarian movements, fighting for their own demands directly.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The struggles were aimed at achieving specific and limited goals and resolving specific grievances.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The demands were almost entirely focused on economic issues.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The movements were aimed at the peasant's immediate enemies: foreign planters, indigenous zamindars, and moneylenders.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The peasant movement completely shifted its course in the 20th century when national parties like the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India took up their issues and supported their efforts. Now the peasants\u2019 issues were part of broader national interests.\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Prominent leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel, the Socialist faction of Congress and communists played an essential role in this direction.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Peasant Movements in India Before 1857<\/h2>\r\n<p>During this period, the main reason for a series of spontaneous peasant uprisings in different parts of the country was the high-handedness of zamindars or landlords, along with the excessive rates of land revenue.<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Name of the Peasant Revolt<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Sanyasi Revolt<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>\u00a01763-1800<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:<\/strong>\u00a0Bengal<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Maznoom Shah<\/strong>\u00a0was one of their prominent leaders.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Supported by:\u00a0<\/strong>Bhawani Pathak and a woman, Devi Choudhurani.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Immediate cause:<\/strong>\u00a0The British imposed restrictions on pilgrims visiting the holy places of both Hindus and Muslims.<\/p>\r\n<p>-The Bengal famine of 1770 sparked a rebellion among landless peasants, displaced zamindars, disbanded soldiers, and the poor. -The\u00a0<strong>Sanyasis\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0<strong>Fakirs\u00a0<\/strong>joined them.<\/p>\r\n<p>-The\u00a0<strong>Faqirs<\/strong>\u00a0were a group of wandering Muslim religious mendicants in\u00a0<strong>Bengal<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Nature of the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0They attacked\u00a0<strong>English factories<\/strong>\u00a0and seized their goods, cash, arms, and ammunition.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Book:<\/strong>\u00a0Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's semi-historical novel Anandmath is based on the Sanyasi revolt.<\/p>\r\n<p>-It was a united revolt of Hindu and Muslim monks against the British led by<strong>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/warren-hastings\/\" target=\"_blank\">Warren Hastings.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Narkelberia Uprising<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>\u00a01782-1831<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:<\/strong>\u00a0West Bengal<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Leader:\u00a0<\/strong>Mir Nithar Ali\u00a0<strong>(Titu Mir)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Reason for the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0Muslim tenants fought back against landlords, who imposed a beard tax on Faraizis and British Indigo planters.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Nature of the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0Armed revolt<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Pagal Panthis<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>1825-1833<\/p>\r\n<p>-It is a peasant movement guided by religious mendicants called\u00a0<strong>Pagal Panthis<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:<\/strong>\u00a0Bengal<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Leader:\u00a0<\/strong>Karam Shah and Tipu Shah<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Reason for the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0The\u00a0<strong>Pagals\u00a0<\/strong>and their associates fought against the zamindars and the forces of the company to protect the peasants from the oppressions and undue claims of the zamindars.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>British Reaction:\u00a0<\/strong>Tipu Shah and some of his insurgent followers were captured in\u00a0<strong>1833<\/strong>\u00a0and tried.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The government mitigated many of the demands of the resisting peasants, including a reduction of the rent rate. Consequently, the movement was subdivided, and\u00a0<strong>peace<\/strong>\u00a0was restored in the area.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h2>Peasant Movements in India After 1857<\/h2>\r\n<p>After 1857, there was increasing involvement of middle-class, modern educated persons in peasant resistance movements. As the idea of nationalism gripped the persons educated in the modern system, these ideas, in some form or the other, were carried to the peasantry also.<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Name of the revolt<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\"><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indigo-revolt\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Indigo Revolt<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>\u00a01859-60<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:<\/strong>\u00a0Bengal<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Leader:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0Biswas brothers (<strong>Bishnucaharan Biswas and Digambar Biswas<\/strong>) of Nadia, Rafique Mondal of Malda and Kader Molla of Pabna.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Reason for the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0The peasants in many parts of\u00a0<strong>Bengal\u00a0<\/strong>had refused to plant indigo for the<strong>\u00a0European planters<\/strong>\u00a0who had been forcing the peasants to cultivate it. The<strong>\u00a0Bengali intellectuals<\/strong>\u00a0brought this issue to the notice of the Indian public.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Nature of the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0The peasants attacked<strong>\u00a0indigo factories<\/strong>\u00a0with spears and swords.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Planters who demanded rent were beaten.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>It was especially strong in the\u00a0<strong>Pabna district<\/strong>, where the ryots were strongly opposed to sowing\u00a0<strong>indigo<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-<strong>British Reaction:<\/strong>\u00a0The Government appointed the\u00a0<strong>Indigo Commission in 1869,\u00a0<\/strong>which worked for the removal of some of the abuses of indigo cultivation.<\/p>\r\n<p>-The play\u00a0<strong>Neel Darpan by Dinabandhu Mitra<\/strong>\u00a0in 1860 depicted planters\u2019 oppression and peasants\u2019 protests.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Deccan Riots<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>\u00a01875<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:\u00a0<\/strong>Poona, Satara and Ahmednagar<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Reason for the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0The basis of the Deccan Riots lay in the evolution of the<strong>\u00a0ryotwari system<\/strong>\u00a0itself. By favouring the Vanis (village moneylenders) over the Kunbis (cultivator caste), the courts and new laws polarised caste differences.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>This implied an increase in the transfer of holdings from peasants to moneylenders.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The\u00a0<strong>Kunbis rose against the Vanis<\/strong>\u00a0in order to dispossess them of their title deeds and mortgage bonds, which were looked upon as\u00a0<strong>instruments of oppression.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-<strong>Nature of the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0The peasantry, which had gathered for the<strong>\u00a0weekly bazaar<\/strong>, launched attacks on the moneylenders and destroyed the debt contracts and bonds.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>British Response:<\/strong>\u00a0After suppressing the revolt, the Government passed the Deccan<strong>\u00a0Agriculturists Relief Act in 1879<\/strong>\u00a0to extend protection to them against the moneylenders.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/pabna-revolt\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Pabna Movement<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>\u00a01873-1885<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:<\/strong>\u00a0Pabna, Bengal<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Leader:\u00a0<\/strong>Ishan Chandra Roy, Shambhu Nath Pal, Khodi Mulla.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Reason for the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0The peasants organised a\u00a0<strong>no-rent union<\/strong>\u00a0and launched armed attacks on the zamindars and their agents because of illegal seizure of property, arbitrary enhancement of rent and use of force, frequent recourses to ejection and harassment,<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The\u00a0<strong>Act of 1859<\/strong>\u00a0provided ryots with immunity from eviction. The attempts of zamindars to annihilate the tenant's newly acquired occupancy rights and to convert them into tenants at will through forcibly written agreement resulted in harassment and atrocities that were vehemently opposed by peasants.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-<strong>Agrarian League (1873),<\/strong>\u00a0organised by peasants of\u00a0<strong>Yusufshahi Pargana of Pabna,<\/strong>\u00a0which raised funds to mitigate litigation expenses, held mass meetings.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>British Reaction:\u00a0<\/strong>This peasant movement was suppressed only after\u00a0<strong>armed intervention\u00a0<\/strong>by the government. Later an\u00a0<strong>enquiry committee\u00a0<\/strong>was appointed to look into the complaints of the peasants, which led to the enactment of an act.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Champaran Movement<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>\u00a01917-1918<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:<\/strong>\u00a0Champaran, Bihar<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Leader: Mahatma Gandhi<\/strong>, assisted by\u00a0<strong>J.B. Kripalani, Babu Brajkishore Prasad and Babu Rajendra Prasad.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Reason for the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0The tenant farmers were forced by the British planters to\u00a0<strong>cultivate indigo in the three-twentieth part of a bigha<\/strong>\u00a0of their holding; this was known as the<strong>\u00a0'Teen Kathia' system.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Losses were transferred to poor peasants, or they could give up indigo cultivation by paying higher rents for the land.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-<strong>Nature of the revolt:\u00a0<\/strong>Gandhiji\u2019s method of peaceful\u00a0<strong>satyagraha and civil disobedience.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>British Reaction:\u00a0<\/strong>The government had to relent and called Gandhiji for talks and also made him a member of the committee to enquire into the plight of the<strong>\u00a0indigo peasants.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The\u00a0<strong>Teen Kathia system\u00a0<\/strong>was abolished based on the committee\u2019s report.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/kheda-satyagraha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Kheda Satyagraha<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>\u00a01918<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:<\/strong>\u00a0Kheda, Gujarat<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Leader:\u00a0<\/strong>Mahatma Gandhi<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Reason for the revolt:\u00a0<\/strong>The immediate backdrop to the agitation was a poor harvest in 1917-18, which coincided with an increase in the price of essentials.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The peasants demanded\u00a0<strong>remission of revenue for the year<\/strong>\u00a0to alleviate their suffering, but the\u00a0<strong>colonial government<\/strong>\u00a0ignored their concerns.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Getting no assurance from the government on the demands of peasants, Gandhi decided at a meeting of the\u00a0<strong>Gujarat Sabha<\/strong>\u00a0to resort to\u00a0<strong>Satyagraha.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-<strong>Nature of the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0Reports of violence in some areas\u00a0<strong>disobeying Gandhi\u2019s<\/strong>\u00a0appeal to\u00a0<strong>passive resistance.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>British Reaction: Mohanlal Kameshwar Pandya<\/strong>\u00a0and other local leaders were arrested for defying the government.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The government ordered its local officials to be restrained in the collection of revenues and not to confiscate lands because they wanted Indian support in British war efforts.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Eka Movement<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>\u00a01921<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:<\/strong>\u00a0Awadh, Uttar Pradesh<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Leader: Madari Pasi<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The revolt in Uttar Pradesh was led by Fiji-returned indentured labourer Baba Ramachandra.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-<strong>Reason for the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0Spanish flu, six years of drought, price rise and a shortage of food, grains and fuel.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>charging higher<\/strong>\u00a0than the recorded rent,<\/li>\r\n\t<li>non-distribution of<strong>\u00a0rent receipts<\/strong>, imposition of additional and\u00a0<strong>arbitrary cesses<\/strong>,<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>grain rents<\/strong>\u00a0are more prevalent than\u00a0<strong>cash rents<\/strong>,<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>practice of nazrana<\/strong>\u00a0(advance additional payment as service), hari, begari (forced labour),<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>corruption\u00a0<\/strong>by middlemen like thekedars and karindas (agents of landlords).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-<strong>Nature of the revolt:\u00a0<\/strong>Because of the involvement of Congress and\u00a0<strong>Khilafat\u00a0<\/strong>campaigners, the movement was initially largely peaceful and worked within the framework of Gandhian ideology.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Social boycott<\/strong>\u00a0(sweepers, barbers and washermen), picketing and holding mass rallies to push for their demands.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>However, as the movement became more\u00a0<strong>militant\u00a0<\/strong>and began to aggressively resist Taluqdar and\u00a0<strong>Zamindar violence,\u00a0<\/strong>the\u00a0<strong>Congress\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0<strong>Khilafat leaders\u00a0<\/strong>distanced themselves from it, and this peasant movement became completely independent of\u00a0<strong>Congress-Khilafat influence.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Mappila Revolt<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>\u00a01921<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:<\/strong>\u00a0Malabar region, Kerala<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Reason for the revolt:Nambudiri Brahmins<\/strong>\u00a0landlords exploited the\u00a0<strong>Mappila tenants<\/strong>. This rebellion had started as an\u00a0<strong>anti-government, anti-landlord<\/strong>\u00a0affair but acquired\u00a0<strong>communal\u00a0<\/strong>colours.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The new land laws enacted by the\u00a0<strong>British government<\/strong>\u00a0in the nineteenth century gave landlords, the majority of whom were\u00a0<strong>upper-caste Hindus<\/strong>,<strong>\u00a0sole legal ownership of the land.<\/strong>\u00a0The Moplahs had been deprived of their formal or\u00a0<strong>customary rights<\/strong>, which they had held for a long time.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-In\u00a0<strong>Manjeri\u00a0<\/strong>in 1920, the\u00a0<strong>Malabar District Congress Committee<\/strong>\u00a0supported the tenants' cause and demanded legislation to regulate<strong>\u00a0landlord-tenant relations<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Nature of the revolt:<\/strong>\u00a0The uprising reportedly led to the death of around 10,000 people. Many Hindus were forced to convert to<strong>\u00a0Islam.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>In one incident, Moplah prisoners died of suffocation while being taken to the\u00a0<strong>Central Prison in Podanur<\/strong>\u00a0in a closed railway wagon. The incident is widely known as the \"Wagon Tragedy.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-<strong>British Reaction:\u00a0<\/strong>The uprising lasted several months, forcing British authorities to impose martial law to put an end to it. They also established a new police unit called Malabar Special Police to put down the rebellion.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Bardoli Satyagraha<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>\u00a01928<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:<\/strong>\u00a0Gujarat<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Leader:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0Vallabhbhai Patel<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Reason for the revolt:\u00a0<\/strong>Against the tax hike of 22% by the\u00a0<strong>Bombay Presidency<\/strong>\u00a0in the backdrop of famine and flood.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Demands of the Peasants:\u00a0<\/strong>Either the government appoint an independent tribunal for a fresh assessment, or it must accept the previous amount as the full payment.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Methods used for mobilising the masses:Bardoli Satyagraha Patrika\u00a0<\/strong>was a daily newspaper published during the satyagraha.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The other methods used were bhajan mandali, holy imagery and\u00a0<strong>\u2018bhuvas\u2019 (<\/strong>used to communicate with Adivasis).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>During this time,\u00a0<strong>Vallabhbhai Patel<\/strong>, who was given the moniker \"<strong>Sardar<\/strong>\" by the women who participated in the movement, emerged as a national leader.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-<strong>British Reaction:<\/strong>\u00a0Under the pressure of the\u00a0<strong>Satyagrahis<\/strong>, the government had begun to run out of steam by June 1928. A settlement with the farmers was mediated by\u00a0<strong>Chunnilal Mehta<\/strong>, a key member of the\u00a0<strong>Governor's Council.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>He proposed a<strong>\u00a05.7% increase<\/strong>, and land confiscated by the administration would be returned upon payment of this tax.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In the meantime, those who resigned from government jobs in support of the farmers would be reinstated.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>All India Kisan Sabha<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:<\/strong>1936<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Formed at Indian National Congress (INC) Lucknow Session<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Founder: Swami Sahajananda Saraswati<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Formation of All India Kisan Sabha:<\/strong>\u00a0In Bihar, Swami Sahajanand started a movement to protect the occupancy rights of the tenants, and formed\u00a0<strong>Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha in 1929.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>In Andhra,<strong>\u00a0N.G. Ranga<\/strong>\u00a0also mobilised the peasants and formed a\u00a0<strong>Kisan Sabha<\/strong>. The Kisan Sabha movement spread to other regions of the country also, and it raised the demand for the<strong>\u00a0abolition of zamindari.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n\t<li>At the\u00a0<strong>Congress session in Lucknow in 1936<\/strong>, the\u00a0<strong>All India Kisan Sabha<\/strong>\u00a0was formed, with Sahajanand as its first president.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-<strong>Manifesto:<\/strong>\u00a0It issued the Kisan manifesto, which called for the abolition of zamindari and occupancy rights for all tenants.<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>After the Elections of 1937:<\/strong>\u00a0The Congress ministries undertook certain measures to:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>reduce the debt burdens<\/strong>\u00a0by fixing interest rates in all provinces ruled by it, enhancements of rent were checked,<\/li>\r\n\t<li>In UP, cultivators were given the status of occupancy tenants. In Bihar, bakhast lands were partly restored to tenants; in\u00a0<strong>Maharashtra,\u00a0<\/strong>the khoti tenants of landholders were given some rights.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Grazing fees on the forest lands were abolished.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Tebhaga Movement<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year:\u00a0<\/strong>1946\u201347<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area:<\/strong>\u00a0Bengal<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Organised by:<\/strong>\u00a0Communist cadres of the\u00a0<strong>Bengal Provincial Krishak Sabha.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Demand<\/strong>: It was the sharecroppers' movement that demanded\u00a0<strong>two-thirds of the land's produce for themselves and one-third for landlords.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Tebhaga literally means 'three shares' of harvests. Traditionally, sharecroppers held their tenancy on a fifty-fifty basis of the produce. Sharecroppers were referred to as bargadars, adhiars, etc.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The barga (sharecropping) peasants were mobilised against the landlord class under their leadership.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The tenants who were resisting the Zamindari system added a new slogan to their campaign:<strong>\u00a0the total abolition of the Zamindari system.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-<strong>Outcomes:\u00a0<\/strong>Approximately 40% of sharecropping peasants obtained\u00a0<strong>tebhaga rights<\/strong>\u00a0willingly granted by landholders,\u00a0<strong>repeal or reduction of unjust and illegal exaction<\/strong>. However, the movement's success in East Bengal districts was limited.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Telangana Movement<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p>-<strong>Year<\/strong>: 1946-1952<\/p>\r\n<p>-<strong>Area<\/strong>: Andhra Pradesh<\/p>\r\n<p>-\u00a0<strong>Against<\/strong>\u00a0Oppressive landlordism perpetrated by local landlords (jagirdars and Deshmukh, locally known as Dora), which Nizam patronised.<\/p>\r\n<p>-\u00a0<strong>Reasons<\/strong>: Peasants were forced to pay high taxes due to unhealthy economic policies of Nizam rule, and in non-payments of the taxes, they were subjected to forced labour (<strong>Vetti<\/strong>) and even forced to be evicted from their land.<\/p>\r\n<p>-\u00a0<strong>Nature of the Revolt:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Indian National Congress<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>Andhra Jana Sangam<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>Andhra Maha Sabha<\/strong>\u00a0(AMS) have raised the issue of Telangana's poor peasantry.\u00a0<strong>Jagir RyotuSangham\u00a0<\/strong>was formed in 1940 to bring pressure upon the government to solve the problems of the peasants working under the jagirdars.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Later, the Guerrilla-styled armed struggle against both the landlords and razakars was adopted, for which the arms were provided by the\u00a0<strong>Communist Party of India<\/strong>\u00a0leadership.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>-\u00a0<strong>British Reaction:<\/strong> Vetti was abolished, lands were distributed, debts were settled, etc.<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 150px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Other Related Posts<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indigo-revolt\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Indigo Revolt<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/peasant-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Peasant Movements in India<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/pabna-revolt\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Pabna Revolt<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/eka-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Eka Movement<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/deccan-riots\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Deccan Riots<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bardoli-satyagraha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Bardoli Satyagraha<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/all-india-kisan-sabha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>All India Kisan Sabha<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/tebhaga-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Tebhaga Movement<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 25px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 25px;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/telangana-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Telangana Movement<\/strong><\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Peasant Movements in India were a result of the aggressive British economic policies. Check about Peasant Movements in India, History, Evolution, Factors, Phases<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15062,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[138,40],"class_list":{"0":"post-2799","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-upsc-notes","8":"tag-peasant-movements-in-india","9":"tag-quest"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2799","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2799"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2799\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19089,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2799\/revisions\/19089"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15062"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2799"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2799"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2799"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}