{"id":2957,"date":"2026-09-08T15:59:06","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T10:29:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=2957"},"modified":"2026-09-09T17:54:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-09T12:24:23","slug":"foreign-travellers-who-visited-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/foreign-travellers-who-visited-india\/","title":{"rendered":"List of Foreign Travellers Who Visited India, UPSC Notes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Foreign travellers <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>who visited India<\/strong> left behind invaluable accounts that provide a deeper understanding of its rich history and culture. The subcontinent, with its ancient civilizations, vast geography, and cultural diversity, attracted voyagers from across the world. From Greek scholars in antiquity to medieval Arab merchants and early modern Europeans, these foreign travellers who visited India documented their experiences, offering a unique perspective on India\u2019s traditions, socio-economic systems, and imperial grandeur.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Figures like Megasthenes, who described the Mauryan Empire, Al-Beruni, who studied Indian sciences, Marco Polo, who admired its trade, and Bernier, who observed the Mughal court, penned detailed accounts. Their works preserve vital historical insights and enhance India\u2019s reputation globally as a land of wealth and wisdom.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foreign Travellers Who Visited India<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foreign travellers who visited India have played a vital role in uncovering its rich history, diverse culture, and societal structure. India captivated voyagers from ancient Greeks to medieval Arabs like <\/span><b>Al-Beruni<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and Europeans like <\/span><b>Marco Polo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><b>Sir Thomas Roe<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Their vivid descriptions illustrate the grandeur of powerful empires, the wealth of Indian kings, and the unique cultural diversity, offering invaluable perspectives on how the subcontinent evolved.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Without these records, the history of India would have remained incomplete.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Prominent figures<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> like Megasthenes, who chronicled the Mauryan Empire, Xuan Zang, who observed India\u2019s religious life, and Al-Beruni, who studied its sciences, documented critical details.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, writers who never visited India compiled knowledge from various sources, further enriching the historical narrative of the land.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reasons for Foreign Travellers' Visits to India<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foreign travellers visited India for diverse purposes, drawn by its spiritual traditions, flourishing trade networks, and cultural wealth. Their journeys were motivated by various reasons, including religious pursuits, diplomatic missions, intellectual curiosity, and a desire to document the subcontinent\u2019s rich heritage and advancements.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Religious pursuits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Buddhist scholars like <\/span><b>Hiuen Tsang<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from China sought to study the origins and practices of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buddhism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Trade and commerce<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: India's thriving trade networks and markets attracted merchants from various regions seeking business opportunities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Cultural exchange<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: India's rich heritage in arts, philosophy, and traditions piqued the curiosity of foreign travellers interested in cultural immersion.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Political missions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Emissaries like <\/span><b>Megasthenes <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">were sent on diplomatic missions to establish political and economic ties with Indian kingdoms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Scientific learning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: India's advances in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine drew scholars eager to learn from its intellectual traditions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Historical documentation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Travellers like <\/span><b>Ptolemy <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">aimed to chronicle and record observations about ancient Indian society, geography, and history.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foreign Travellers Who Visited India in Ancient Period<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foreign travellers who visited india during ancient India played a pivotal role in documenting the subcontinent's rich history, culture, and advancements. Their accounts offer invaluable glimpses into the political, social, and religious fabric of India, highlighting its enduring influence on the world.\u00a0 Some of the prominent foreign travellers during ancient India are as follows:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Megasthenes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Megasthenes, a Greek ethnographer and ambassador, visited the court of <\/span><b>Chandragupta Maurya<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> as an envoy of Seleucus Nicator.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He wrote the famous work <\/span><b>'Indika', <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">which provides valuable information about the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/mauryan-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mauryan Empire<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, its administration, society, geography, and culture.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He is often hailed as the \u201c<\/span><b>Father of Indian History<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u201d<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Deimachus<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: He was a Greek ambassador to the court of Bindusara, son of Chandragupta Maurya. His accounts corroborate and supplement Megasthenes' descriptions of ancient India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Fa-Hien<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Fa-Hien was a Chinese<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buddhist monk and one of the earliest Chinese travellers to India. He travelled to India during the rule of Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya).<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">His travelogue <\/span><b>'A Record of the Buddhist Kingdoms'<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> provides insights into ancient India's religious and social life during the period of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gupta-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gupta Empire<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foreign Travellers Who Visited India in Medieval Period<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foreign travellers who visited india during Medieval India continued to document the subcontinent's dynamic political, cultural, and religious landscape. Their accounts offer a deeper understanding of the interactions between India and the outside world, shedding light on the socio-political shifts and cultural exchanges of the time. Some notable foreign travellers during this period include:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hiuen Tsang<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Hs\u00fcan-Tsang<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, also known as Xuan Zang, was a <\/span><b>Chinese <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buddhist monk who travelled to India during the reign of Harshavardhana in the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/post-gupta-era\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Post-Gupta Era<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. His memoir, '<\/span><b>Great Tang Records on the Western Regions,' <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">provides insights into the religious, political, and cultural life of India during this period.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During his sixteen-year pilgrimage, he traversed the<\/span><b> Silk Road <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">and parts of South Asia.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At <\/span><b>Nalanda<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, he translated Buddhist scriptures, engaged in scholarly pursuits, and contributed to the exchange of knowledge between China and India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I-Tsing<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>I-Tsing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">7th-century Chinese<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">traveller, visited India during the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/chalukyas-of-badami\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chalukyas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/pallavas-of-kanchi\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pallava<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> rule in the Deccan region. His primary purpose was to study and gain knowledge about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/teachings-of-buddha\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buddhist teachings<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, philosophy, and monastic life in India, which was considered the origin of Buddhism.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">His accounts offer rich insights into Buddhist practices like monastic rules and monks' daily routines in India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Al-Beruni<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Al-Beruni <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was a Persian<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">scholar, mathematician, and polymath who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni's expeditions to India between 1024 and 1030 AD. He is considered the \"<\/span><b>Father of Indology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\" for his pioneering and insightful study of Indian history, culture, and sciences.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In his seminal work \u201c<\/span><b>Tahqiq-i-Hind<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201d, he covered a wide range of topics related to Indian civilisation, including religion, philosophy, literature, science, astronomy, mathematics, geography, chronology, and social customs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He translated several Indian works into Arabic, including the <\/span><b>Brahmasiddhanta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a Sanskrit text on astronomy and mathematics.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Al-Masudi<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Al-Masudi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, an Arab historian and traveller, visited parts of India and the Indian Ocean islands. His book '<\/span><b>Meadows of Gold<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">' contains descriptions of Indian society, religions, and maritime activities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">His travels and writings provide valuable insights into the cultural and geographical aspects of India and its maritime connections with other regions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Marco Polo<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Marco Polo<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a Venetian<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">explorer, visited the Indian subcontinent during 1292-1294 CE on his journey to Kublai Khan's court in China. He visited Southern India during the reigns of<\/span><b> Rudramma Devi <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">of the Kakatiyas and Pandyan ruler Madverman.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Observations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The thriving trade, industries, and economic activities in southern India during the late 13th century.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ibn Battuta<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Ibn Battuta<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the famed Moroccan traveller, arrived in Delhi during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign in 1333 CE. He served for some time as a judge in the Delhi court.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>About Rihla<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Battuta's travelogue <\/span><b>'Rihla' <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">offers a vivid firsthand account of life in Delhi. His narratives unveil the grandeur of the court, the Sultan's peculiarities, and insights into administration, law and order, and socio-cultural aspects under Tughluq's rule.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rihla also sheds light on the taxation policies, currency regulations, and public projects of the time.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, it captures details of daily life, festivals, customs, and religious practices across the Sultanate territories he traversed, offering an invaluable peek into 14th-century India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Niccol\u00f2 de Conti<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Niccol\u00f2 de Conti<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a Venetian<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">merchant and explorer, spent around 25 years travelling in the Indian Ocean region during the 15th century. He reached the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/vijayanagara-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vijayanagar Empire<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> around 1420 CE and spent several years there. He witnessed the reigns of Deva Raya I and Deva Raya II<\/span><b>.<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">His detailed accounts describe Vijayanagar's grandeur and the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/vijayanagara-architecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vijayanagar architecture<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> providing insights into the empire's social customs, religious practices, caste system, Hindu festivals, and the practice of Sati.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Abdur Razzaq<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Abdur Razzaq<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a Persian ambassador sent by Shah Rukh of the Timurid Empire, visited Calicut in 1442 CE during the Zamorin's reign. In his memoir \"<\/span><b>The Journey of Abdur Razzaq<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">,\" he vividly described Calicut's prosperous port, bustling markets, vibrant spice and textile trade, and the presence of foreign merchants.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">His account offers insights into the Zamorin's court and administration, and is a valuable primary source on medieval India's maritime commercial history.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Athanasius Nikitin<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Nikitin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was a Russian<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">merchant who visited India and wrote the famous '<\/span><b>The Travels of Athanasius Nikitin<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">' describing his experiences. Nikitin's writings offer insights into the political conditions, trade activities, social customs, and religious practices prevalent in parts of India during the <\/span><b>15th <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">century.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Duarte Barbosa<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Barbosa<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a <\/span><b>Portuguese traveller<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, spent around 16 years in India, primarily in the regions of Kerala and the Vijayanagara Empire, from the late 15th to early 16th century. He provided detailed descriptions of the intricate caste system prevalent in Indian society, highlighting the various castes, their occupations, and social hierarchies.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He wrote extensively about the prosperous Vijayanagara Empire, Calicut, Cochin, and Goa, highlighting their economic importance and cultural diversity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Domingo Paes<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Domingo Paes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was a Portuguese<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">traveller who visited the Vijayanagara Empire between 1520-1522 AD during the reign of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/krishnadevaraya\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Krishnadevaraya<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paes's account describes the grandeur, wealth, and power of the Vijayanagara Empire under Krishnadevaraya. He marvelled at the extensive territory, efficient administration, prosperous trade, and formidable military of the empire.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fern\u00e3o Nuniz<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Fern\u00e3o Nuniz<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was a Portuguese traveller and horse trader who visited the Vijayanagara Empire in the early 16th century, around 1535-1537 CE, during the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya. His accounts provide valuable insights into Hindu religious practices, temples, festivities like Diwali and Holi, the caste system, and cultural aspects of that era.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nuniz's account highlighted the relatively high status, freedom, and visibility of women across different classes in 16th-century Vijayanagara compared to contemporaneous European societies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He mentioned that the women were experts in astrology, wrestling and soothsaying.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jean-Baptiste Tavernier<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Jean-Baptiste Tavernier <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was a French<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">gem merchant, traveller and pioneer of trade with India in the 17th century. He made six arduous journeys to India between 1638 and 1668, travelling extensively across the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/mughal-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mughal Empire<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> under the reigns of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/shah-jahan\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shahjahan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/aurangzeb-and-fall-of-mughals\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aurangzeb<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tavernier visited during the peak of the Mughal Empire under Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. His accounts focus on trade, routes, gemstones, and commerce.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He also elaborately discussed diamonds and diamond mines in India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fran\u00e7ois Bernier<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Fran\u00e7ois Bernier <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">was a French physician and traveller who spent around 12 years (1658-1669) in India, primarily in the court of the Mughal emperor <\/span><b>Aurangzeb<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bernier's compelling first-hand observations and critiques in<\/span><b> 'Travels in the Mogul Empire'<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> provide one of the most comprehensive contemporary European accounts of life, society and politics in India during the later Mughal period.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">List of Foreign Travellers Who Visited India<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since the beginning of time, travellers from all over the world have visited India. This is a list of notable foreign visitors to India in a chronological order, along with information about their visits.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\">\r\n<p><b>Country of Origin<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\">\r\n<p><b>Foreign Travellers<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\">\r\n<p><b>Timeline<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\">\r\n<p><b>Description<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"4\">\r\n<p><b>Greece<\/b><\/p>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Megasthenes<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">302-298 BC<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Seleucus Nicator\u2019s ambassador to Chandragupta Maurya<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Book \u201c Indika\u201d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deimachos<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">3rd Century BC<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Greek ambassador to Bindusara\u2019s court<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strabo<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">64 BC - 24 AD.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Book \u201cGeographica\u201d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ptolemy<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">130 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Wrote \u201c<\/span><b>The Geography of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\r\n<p><b>China<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fa-Hien<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">405-411 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited during Chandragupta II<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited Lumbini<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hs\u00fcan-Tsang<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">630-645 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Came during Harsha\u2019s reign<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Studied in Nalanda<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Book \u201cSi-Yu-Ki\u201d (The Records of the Western World)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I-tsing<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">671-695 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Came during Harsha\u2019s reign<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Arab<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Al Masudi<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">957 AD\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Book \u201cMuruj-ul-Zehab (Meadows of Gold)\u201d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\r\n<p><b>Persia<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Al-Beruni<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1024-1030 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Persian scholar who came with Mahmud of Ghazni<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Book \u201c<\/span><b>Kitab-ul-hind<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \/ Tahqiq-i-Hind\u201d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Abdur Razzaq<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1443 -1444 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Ambassador of Shahrukh of Timurid dynasty to Zimorin\u2019s court<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Morocco<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ibn Battuta<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1333 - 1347 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Came during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Served as a judge in Delhi court<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- His travelogue \u201c<\/span><b>RIHALA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201d<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Syria\/Damascus<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Shihabuddin al-Umari<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1348 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited Delhi Sultanate during Muhammad bin Tughluq\u2019s reign<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"5\">\r\n<p><b>Italy<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Marco Polo<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1292-1294 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Came during Rudramma Devi\u2019s reign (Kakatiyas)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Also visited Pandhyan kingdom<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nicolo Conti<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1420-1421 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited Vijayanagar empire<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pietra Della Velle<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1623-1625AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Traveled during Jahangir\u2019s reign\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Peter Mundy<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1630-34 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited during Shah Jahan\u2019s reign<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nicolao Manucci<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1653-1708 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Served at Dara Shikoh\u2019s court<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Russia<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Athanasius Nikitin<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1470-1474 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited Bahmani Kingdom during Muhammad III<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\r\n<p><b>Portugal<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Duarte Barbosa<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1500 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited in Kerala &amp; Vijayanagara\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Domingo Paes<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1520-1522 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited Vijayanagara during Krishnadevaraya of Tuluv dynasty\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fernao Nuniz<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1535-1537 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited Vijayanagara during Achyutdeva Raya of Tuluva dynasty\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\r\n<p><b>Netherlands<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">John Hughen Von Linschotten<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1583 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Gave a valuable account of the social and economic life of South India.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Francisco Pelsaert<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1620-1627 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited Agra<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\r\n<p><b>England<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">William Hawkins<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1608-1611 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Led the first trip to India by the English East India Company.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sir Thomas Roe<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1615-1619 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Ambassador of James I, king of England.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited during Jahangir\u2019s reign<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">John Fryer<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1672-1681 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- During Aurangzeb\u2019s reign<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">\r\n<p><b>France<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jean Baptiste Tavernier<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1638-1663 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Visited India during the reigns of Shah Jahan &amp; Aurangzeb<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Francois Bernier<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1656-1717 AD<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Came during Shah Jahan\u2019s reign<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">- Focused on Dara Shikoh as his physician<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foreign Travellers in Indian History Contributions<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foreign travellers have made significant contributions to our understanding and knowledge of India's history, culture, and society through their detailed accounts and observations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Documentation of historical events and dynasties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Travellers like Megasthenes, Hiuen Tsang, and Ibn Battuta chronicled India's political landscapes, administrations, and historical events across dynasties like the Mauryas and Mughals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Insights into socio-cultural practices<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Their accounts illuminated India's diverse social customs, religious festivals, art, architecture, and daily life across regions, highlighting the country's rich cultural traditions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Trade and commerce<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Merchant travellers like Niccol\u00f2 de' Conti, Athanasius Nikitin, and Jean-Baptiste Tavernier documented India's trade routes, commercial activities, and economic conditions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Religious and philosophical exchanges<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Buddhist travelers like Fa-Hien and Hiuen Tsang facilitated religious-philosophical exchanges, documenting Buddhist institutions and teachings in India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Architectural marvels<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Travelers' vivid accounts of India's architectural marvels like temples, forts, and palaces aided historical preservation efforts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Comparative perspectives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Foreign travellers' accounts offer cross-cultural perspectives, revealing how outsiders perceived Indian society, culture, and governance, highlighting differences.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Limitations of Assessment by Foreign Travellers in Indian History<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The assessments of foreign travellers to India were often shaped by various limitations, leading to incomplete or skewed portrayals of the subcontinent. Cultural prejudices, language barriers, selective observation, and incorrect depictions of complex social structures all contributed to the inaccuracies in their accounts.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Cultural prejudices:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Travellers often viewed Indian conditions through a European lens and portrayed them as the inverse or opposite.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, <\/span><b>Niccol\u00f2 Manucci<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> portrayed Indian customs and practices in a negative light, describing them as \"barbarous\" and \"uncivilised\".<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Language obstacles:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Misunderstandings and distorted portrayals due to limited grasp of local languages.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Selective observation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> They mostly focused on elites, nobles, and administration while ignoring the common people's lived experiences.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Thomas Roe<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> focused his observations primarily on the Mughal imperial court and the nobility.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Incorrect depiction: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Inaccuracies and oversimplifications in depictions arising from limited understanding of complex social structures.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, <\/span><b>Barbosa <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">categorised the Indian population into only four castes, failing to capture the complex hierarchies and sub-divisions within the system.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Foreign Travellers Who Visited India UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Q1:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Persian literary sources of medieval India reflect the spirit of the age. Comment. (<\/span><b>UPSC Mains 2020<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q2: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Assess the importance of the accounts of the Chinese and Arab travellers in the reconstruction of the history of India. (<\/span><b>UPSC Mains 2018<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q3: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the Portuguese writer Nuniz, the women in the Vijayanagara Empire were experts in which of the following areas?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Wrestling<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Astrology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Accounting<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Soothsaying<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Select the correct answer using the code given below. (<\/span><b>UPSC Prelims 2021<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1, 2 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 1, 3 and 4 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) 2 and 4 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (d)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q4: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which one of the following foreign travellers elaborately discussed about diamonds and diamond mines in India? (<\/span><b>UPSC Prelims 2018)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) Francois Bernier<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) Jean-Baptiste Tavernier<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) Jean de Thevenot<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) Abbe Barthelemy Carre<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (b)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q5: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Chinese traveller Yuan Chwang (Hiuen Tsang) who visited India recorded the general conditions and culture of India at that time. In this context, which of the following statements is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The roads and river routes were completely immune from robbery.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> As regards punishment for offences, ordeals by fire, water and poison were the instruments for determining the innocence or guilt of a person.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The tradesmen had to pay duties at ferries and barrier stations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Select the correct answer using the codes given below. <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2013)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) 1 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (b)<\/b><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From ancient Greeks to medieval Arabs to early modern Europeans, foreign travellers left invaluable accounts about India&#8217;s rich cultural heritage, illuminating its storied past. Check list of Foreign travellers in indian history.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15083,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,18],"tags":[181,40,1085],"class_list":["post-2957","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-upsc-notes","category-upsc-ancient-history-notes","tag-foreign-travellers-who-visited-india","tag-quest","tag-upsc-ancient-history-notes"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2957","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2957"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2957\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28960,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2957\/revisions\/28960"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15083"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2957"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2957"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2957"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}