{"id":30018,"date":"2026-09-17T18:07:59","date_gmt":"2026-09-17T12:37:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=30018"},"modified":"2026-09-17T18:07:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T12:37:59","slug":"paris-agreement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/paris-agreement\/","title":{"rendered":"Paris Agreement, Background, Objectives, Articles, NDCs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Paris Agreement is a landmark international climate treaty adopted under the UNFCCC in 2015 to strengthen global action against climate change. It seeks to keep the rise in global average temperature well below 2\u00b0C while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5\u00b0C. The Paris Agreement establishes a framework based on nationally determined contributions (NDCs), transparency, climate finance, adaptation, technology transfer and periodic global stocktakes.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Paris Agreement reflects the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities while requiring progressively stronger climate commitments from countries. India has played an active role, submitting successive NDCs and aligning its climate action with sustainable development. The Agreement has strengthened global cooperation, but challenges remain in ambition, implementation, finance, technology and climate equity.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement Overview<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Paris Agreement is the landmark global climate treaty under the UNFCCC that brings countries together to limit global warming, strengthen resilience, mobilise climate finance and progressively increase climate ambition.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adopted at COP21 in Paris on 12 December 2015, the Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016. It aims to keep the rise in global average temperature well below 2\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Paris Agreement is a legally <\/span><b>binding international treaty<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> under the UNFCCC that establishes a common framework for mitigation, adaptation, climate finance, transparency and progressively stronger national climate action.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Unlike the Kyoto Protocol's largely top-down approach, the Paris Agreement follows a bottom-up architecture, allowing each country to determine its own climate commitments through NDCs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the same time, countries are expected to progressively increase their ambition over time.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement Background and Need<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The background of the Paris Agreement lies in the limitations of earlier climate arrangements and the need for a universal framework involving both developed and developing countries.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The international climate regime evolved through several stages:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>1992 \u2013 UNFCCC<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Established the basic framework for international climate cooperation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>1997 \u2013 Kyoto Protocol:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Imposed quantified emission-reduction commitments mainly on developed countries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>2009 \u2013 Copenhagen<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Strengthened negotiations towards a broader post-2020 agreement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>2011 \u2013 Durban Platform<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Initiated negotiations for a new legal instrument applicable to all Parties.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>2014 \u2013 Lima<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Advanced the preparation of nationally determined climate commitments.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>2015 \u2013 Paris<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Countries adopted the universal Paris Agreement.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Paris framework was therefore designed to address the limitations of a system in which binding mitigation obligations were concentrated primarily among developed countries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement Objectives<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The objectives of the Paris Agreement combine temperature stabilisation with adaptation, financial support and long-term transformation towards climate-resilient development.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Limit global temperature rise<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The Agreement seeks to keep warming well below 2\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Strengthen adaptation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It seeks to increase the capacity of countries to adapt to climate impacts, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Align financial flows<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The Agreement aims to make financial flows consistent with pathways towards low <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/greenhouse-gases\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>greenhouse-gases<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> emissions and climate-resilient development.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Increase climate ambition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Countries are expected to progressively strengthen their climate commitments rather than simply maintain existing levels of ambition.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Promote sustainable development<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Climate action is intended to be compatible with sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Support developing countries: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Agreement recognises the importance of financial, technological and capacity-building support, particularly for developing countries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30020 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/17135100\/Paris-Agreement-Objectives.png\" alt=\"Paris Agreement\" width=\"849\" height=\"474\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/17135100\/Paris-Agreement-Objectives.png 1678w, https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/17135100\/Paris-Agreement-Objectives-768x429.png 768w, https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/17135100\/Paris-Agreement-Objectives-1536x858.png 1536w, https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/17135100\/Paris-Agreement-Objectives-270x152.png 270w, https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/17135100\/Paris-Agreement-Objectives-410x230.png 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement Working<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The working of the Paris Agreement is based on a repeating cycle of national climate plans, implementation, reporting, global assessment and stronger commitments.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Step 1: Countries prepare NDCs:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Each Party prepares and communicates its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), describing its intended climate actions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Step 2: Implement climate policies:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Countries implement domestic policies relating to renewable energy, energy efficiency, transport, forests, industry, adaptation and other sectors.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Step 3: Report progress:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Enhanced Transparency Framework requires countries to provide information on emissions, progress towards NDCs, adaptation and support.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Step 4: Global Stocktake<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Every five years, the collective progress of countries is assessed through the Global Stocktake (GST).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Step 5: Increase ambition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The findings of the Global Stocktake inform subsequent NDCs, creating a cycle of progressively stronger climate action<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement Important Articles<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The important articles of the Paris Agreement define its core framework for mitigation, adaptation, climate finance, transparency, cooperation and accountability among Parties.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 2 \u2013 Purpose and Long-Term Goals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Article 2 establishes the overarching objectives of the Paris Agreement. It provides three major directions:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Temperature goal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hold the increase in global average temperature to well below 2\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Adaptation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Strengthen the ability of countries to adapt to climate change, build resilience and reduce vulnerability.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Finance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Make financial flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse-gas emissions and climate-resilient development.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It also states that implementation should reflect equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC) in light of different national circumstances.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 3 \u2013 Nationally Determined Contributions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Requires ambitious climate action based on equity and national circumstances.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parties should ensure progression in successive climate contributions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Developed countries should continue to take the lead.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Provides the basis for progressively strengthening NDCs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 4 \u2013 Mitigation and NDCs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Provides the framework for GHG mitigation.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parties must submit successive NDCs every 5 years, showing progression and the highest possible ambition, and pursue domestic mitigation measures to achieve them.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aims for global emissions to peak as soon as possible, followed by rapid reductions to achieve net-zero in the second half of the century.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Developed countries should lead through economy-wide absolute emission-reduction targets.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 5 \u2013 Forests and Carbon Sinks:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Promotes the conservation and enhancement of GHG sinks and reservoirs, including forests.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recognises REDD+ and encourages incentives for forest conservation and sustainable management.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 6 \u2013 International Cooperation and Carbon Markets<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Article 6 provides a framework for voluntary cooperation among countries in implementing their NDCs. It contains three important areas:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 6.2<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Allows countries to cooperate through internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs), subject to accounting rules.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 6.4:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Establishes a UN-supervised mechanism for generating and transferring emission reductions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 6.8:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Promotes non-market approaches, such as cooperation involving finance, technology and capacity building without relying on carbon trading.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A major objective is to ensure environmental integrity and avoid double counting of emission reductions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 7 \u2013 Adaptation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Establishes a global goal on adaptation to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce climate vulnerability.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promotes country-driven, participatory, gender-responsive and transparent adaptation planning and implementation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recognises the adaptation needs of developing and vulnerable countries and encourages international cooperation and support.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 8 \u2013 Loss and Damage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Article 8 recognises the importance of averting, minimising and addressing loss and damage associated with climate change. It covers issues such as:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Extreme weather events<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Slow-onset climate impacts<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sea-level rise<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Loss of livelihoods<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Loss of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ecosystem\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>ecosystem<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Economic and non-economic losses<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Displacement and migration<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Article 8 does not provide a basis for liability or compensation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 9 \u2013 Climate Finance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Requires developed countries to provide climate finance to developing countries for mitigation and adaptation.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Other countries may contribute voluntarily.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Developed countries should report finance provided and mobilised.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Provides the basis for global climate-finance discussions, including the New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (NCQG).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 10 \u2013 Technology Development and Transfer:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Promotes technology development and transfer to support climate action.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Establishes a technology framework and encourages support for developing countries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Covers mitigation and adaptation technologies to enable low-emission, climate-resilient development.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 11 \u2013 Capacity Building<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Promotes capacity-building in developing countries based on country-driven needs.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strengthens capacity for climate action, with developed countries enhancing support and developing countries strengthening their own capacities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Covers planning, implementation, reporting and access to climate finance.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 12 \u2013 Education, Awareness and Public Participation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Article 12 promotes public understanding and participation in climate action. It calls for strengthening:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate education<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Public awareness<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Public participation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Public access to information<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">International cooperation<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 13 \u2013 Enhanced Transparency Framework<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Article 13 establishes the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF). Its purpose is to build mutual trust and confidence by improving transparency regarding:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greenhouse-gas emissions<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Progress towards NDCs<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adaptation efforts<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate finance provided and received<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Capacity-building and technology support<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 14 \u2013 Global Stocktake<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Article 14 establishes the Global Stocktake (GST). The GST assesses collective progress towards achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It covers mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation and support.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It takes place every five years.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first GST concluded at COP28 in Dubai in 2023.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 15 \u2013 Compliance Mechanism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Article 15 establishes a mechanism to facilitate implementation and promote compliance with the Paris Agreement.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is expert-based and facilitative.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 16 \u2013 CMA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Article 16 establishes the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA).<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The CMA is the principal decision-making body which reviews implementation of the Paris Agreement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Countries that are Parties to the UNFCCC but not yet Parties to the Paris Agreement may participate as observers.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 20 \u2013 Signature and Ratification<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Article 20 deals with the formal process through which countries become Parties to the Agreement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 21 \u2013 Entry into Force:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Article 21 specifies when the Paris Agreement would become legally operational.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016, after the required conditions concerning the number of Parties and their share of global greenhouse-gas emissions were fulfilled.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Article 28 \u2013 Withdrawal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: A Party may withdraw after 3 years of the Agreement\u2019s entry into force by written notification to the Depositary.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Withdrawal takes effect 1 year after notification or on a later specified date.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) remains relevant under the Paris Agreement, but it operates alongside differentiation based on national circumstances.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Agreement recognises that countries have different responsibilities, capabilities and national circumstances. It therefore does not impose identical numerical emission targets on every country. CBDR-RC is reflected through:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Different national circumstances.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Developed-country leadership in climate action.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Financial obligations and support.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Technology transfer.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Capacity building.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Special consideration for vulnerable developing countries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recognition of developing countries' development priorities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India has consistently emphasised climate equity, CBDR-RC, <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/sustainable-development\/\" target=\"_blank\">sustainable development<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0and the principle of climate justice in international climate negotiations<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nationally Determined Contributions are the core mechanism through which countries translate the Paris Agreement's global goals into nationally determined climate policies and measurable commitments.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Under Article 4, every Party is required to prepare, communicate and maintain successive NDCs. NDCs are submitted every five years and are expected to represent progression beyond previous efforts. NDCs primarily communicate:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greenhouse-gas emission reduction<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Renewable energy<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Energy efficiency<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Forest and carbon sinks<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adaptation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Resilience<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate finance<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Technology<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Capacity building<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first Global Stocktake concluded at COP28 in 2023 and is intended to inform the next generation of NDCs, known as NDCs 3.0.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement and New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance represents a major development under the Paris Agreement, replacing the earlier developed-country climate-finance goal of USD 100 billion annually.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At COP29 in Baku in 2024, Parties agreed a new goal under which developed countries would take the lead in mobilising at least USD 300 billion per year for developing countries by 2035.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The decision also called for scaling up finance from public and private sources to at least USD 1.3 trillion annually by 2035. Significance of the NCQG<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strengthens climate finance for developing countries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Supports implementation of NDCs and adaptation plans.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Addresses mitigation and resilience needs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encourages mobilisation of public and private finance.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Provides a framework for scaling financial flows towards developing countries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recognises the importance of grants, concessional finance and non-debt-creating instruments.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The NCQG is particularly significant for developing countries that face high adaptation costs and limited fiscal space.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement and India<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India's engagement with the Paris Agreement combines ambitious climate action with development priorities, climate justice, equity, technology transfer and the need for international financial support.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India signed the Paris Agreement on 22 April 2016 and ratified it on 2 October 2016.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India's climate commitments are implemented through its NDCs alongside domestic policies on renewable energy, energy efficiency, forests, electric mobility and sustainable development.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India's Original 2015 NDC<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India's original NDC included three major quantified targets:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 33\u201335% from 2005 levels by 2030.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Achieve about 40% cumulative installed electricity capacity from non-fossil-fuel sources by 2030.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5\u20133 billion tonnes of CO\u2082 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India's Updated NDC Targets (NDC 2.0)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India updated its NDC in 2022, increasing its climate ambition while retaining its emphasis on development and climate justice. The updated 2030 commitments included:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% from the 2005 level by 2030.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Achieve about 50% cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil-fuel-based energy resources by 2030.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Create an additional carbon sink of 2.5\u20133 billion tonnes of CO\u2082 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promote sustainable lifestyles through LiFE \u2013 Lifestyle for Environment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mobilise domestic and international finance and technology for climate action.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India's New NDC 2031\u20132035 (NDC 3.0)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India's latest NDC for 2031\u20132035, approved by the Union Cabinet in March 2026, further increases its quantified climate targets under the Paris Agreement. The new NDC commits India to:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 47% by 2035 from the 2005 level.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Achieve 60% cumulative installed electric power capacity from non-fossil-fuel-based energy resources by 2035.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Create a 3.5\u20134.0 billion tonne CO\u2082-equivalent carbon sink through forest and tree cover by 2035, compared with the 2005 baseline.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement Recent Developments<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recent developments under the Paris Agreement have focused on implementing the first Global Stocktake, strengthening NDCs, increasing climate finance and accelerating the transition away from fossil fuels.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">COP28 and First Global Stocktake<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">COP28 in Dubai concluded the first Global Stocktake, which found that global progress remained insufficient across mitigation, adaptation, finance and technology. It called for efforts towards:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tripling renewable-energy capacity globally by 2030.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Doubling the global average annual rate of energy-efficiency improvement by 2030.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems in a just, orderly and equitable manner.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Accelerating action on adaptation and resilience.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">COP29 and Climate Finance<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">COP29 in Baku produced the new climate-finance goal of at least USD 300 billion annually by 2035, alongside efforts to scale total climate finance towards USD 1.3 trillion annually.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NDC 3.0<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The next generation of NDCs is expected to be informed by the Global Stocktake and contain stronger climate ambition.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The UNFCCC notes that NDCs 3.0 need to be more progressive and ambitious if the world is to return to a pathway consistent with the 1.5\u00b0C goal.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carbon Markets<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Article 6 of the Paris Agreement sets up the rules for countries to cooperate voluntarily through carbon markets and non-market methods to hit their climate targets, known as NDCs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recent negotiations have therefore increasingly focused on ensuring environmental integrity, transparency and avoidance of double counting.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement Achievements<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The achievements of the Paris Agreement include establishing universal climate commitments, strengthening international cooperation and shifting global investment and policy towards cleaner technologies.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Universal climate framework:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Agreement created a common framework in which virtually all countries participate in climate action.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Temperature goal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It established the internationally agreed objective of limiting warming to well below 2\u00b0C while pursuing efforts towards 1.5\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Progressive NDC system<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The five-year NDC cycle creates a mechanism for periodically increasing national ambition.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Global Stocktake<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The GST provides a structured process for assessing collective progress.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Enhanced transparency:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The transparency framework has strengthened reporting and accountability concerning climate action.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Growth of <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/clean-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>clean technology<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The Paris era has coincided with rapid expansion of renewable energy, electric vehicles and other clean technologies.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Shift in projected warming:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> WRI reports that projected warming has fallen substantially compared with pre-Paris trajectories, although current commitments still remain insufficient for the 1.5\u00b0C objective.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Greater focus on adaptation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Adaptation and resilience have become central components of international climate negotiations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Climate finance architecture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The Agreement has strengthened the international framework for climate finance and contributed to the development of new quantified finance goals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Loss and damage<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The broader Paris-era climate architecture has also strengthened international attention to loss and damage, including the establishment of a dedicated fund at COP27.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement Challenges<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The challenges of the Paris Agreement arise from the gap between international commitments and actual emissions reductions, inadequate finance and continuing disagreements over equity and responsibility.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>1.5\u00b0C ambition gap<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Current policies and commitments remain insufficient to keep global warming safely within the 1.5\u00b0C pathway. World Resources Institute's assessment notes that none of the 45 indicators examined in its 2025 State of Climate Action report was on track for their 1.5\u00b0C-aligned targets.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Implementation gap<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: National commitments do not automatically guarantee effective domestic implementation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Climate finance deficit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Developing countries continue to face significant difficulties accessing adequate and affordable climate finance.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Equity disputes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Disagreements remain over historical responsibility, burden-sharing and the respective roles of developed and developing countries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Fossil-fuel dependence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Many economies continue to depend heavily on coal, oil and natural gas for energy security and economic activity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Weak enforcement:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Paris Agreement's compliance mechanism is facilitative and non-punitive rather than based on conventional legal sanctions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Technology and capacity gaps<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Developing countries require greater access to technology, expertise,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/infrastructure\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>infrastructure<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and institutional capacity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement Way Forward<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The way forward for the Paris Agreement requires faster implementation, stronger NDCs, adequate climate finance and a just transition that combines environmental ambition with developmental realities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Align NDCs with 1.5\u00b0C<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Countries should ensure that their next NDCs are consistent with the scientific requirements of the Paris temperature goal.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Close the finance gap: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The NCQG should translate into predictable, accessible and affordable financial resources for developing countries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Accelerate clean-energy transition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Countries should rapidly expand renewable energy, storage, grids, electrification and energy efficiency.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ensure a just transition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Decarbonisation should address workers, vulnerable communities, energy access and regional economic impacts.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Strengthen adaptation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Greater resources should be directed towards climate-resilient agriculture, water systems, health, infrastructure and disaster preparedness.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Improve transparency:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Reliable emissions data, comparable reporting and effective monitoring are essential for building trust.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Strengthen carbon-market integrity<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Article 6 mechanisms should deliver genuine emission reductions while preventing double counting and other forms of environmental harm.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Expand technology cooperation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Developing countries need greater access to affordable clean technologies, technical expertise and capacity-building.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Paris Agreement UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Q1.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Write a review on India\u2019s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) and mention how these have been further strengthened in COP26 (2021). In this direction, how has the first Nationally Determined Contribution intended by India been updated in 2022? <\/span><b>(UPSC Mains 2025)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q2.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Consider the following statements: <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2025)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Statement I: At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), India refrained from signing the \u201cDeclaration on Climate and Health\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Statement II: The COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a binding declaration; and if signed, it becomes mandatory to decarbonize the health sector.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Statement III: If India\u2019s health sector is decarbonized, the resilience of its health-care system may be compromised.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (c)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q3.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Consider the following statements: <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2025)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Statement I: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change is frequently discussed in global discussions on sustainable development and climate change.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Statement II: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change sets out the principles of carbon markets.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Statement III: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change intends to promote inter-country non-market strategies to reach their climate targets.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">b) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (a)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q4.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is\/are correct? <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2016)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not\u00a0 exceed 2 \u2018C or even 1.5 \u2018C above pre-industrial levels.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a) 1 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">b) 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">c) 2 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">d) 1, 2 and 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (b)<\/b><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Paris Agreement is a landmark international climate treaty adopted under the UNFCCC in 2015 to strengthen global action against climate change. Read about its objective, articles and NDCs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":30048,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,33],"tags":[2031,40,653],"class_list":["post-30018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-upsc-notes","category-upsc-environment-ecology-notes","tag-paris-agreement","tag-quest","tag-upsc-environment-ecology-notes"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30018","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/35"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30018"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30018\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30038,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30018\/revisions\/30038"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30048"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30018"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}