{"id":30283,"date":"2026-09-24T17:34:42","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T12:04:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=30283"},"modified":"2026-09-24T17:34:42","modified_gmt":"2026-09-24T12:04:42","slug":"rock-system-of-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/rock-system-of-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Rock System of India, Meaning, Map, Classification, Chronological Order"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The rock system of India reflects the country\u2019s long and complex geological evolution, with formations belonging to different geological periods and varying in age, origin, composition and distribution. The major rock systems include the Archaean, Dharwar, Cuddapah, Vindhyan, Gondwana, Deccan Trap, Tertiary and Quaternary formations. Ancient crystalline rocks form much of the Peninsular foundation, while younger sedimentary, volcanic and alluvial deposits occur across the plains, coastal regions, Himalayan areas and other geological zones.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These formations influence India\u2019s physiography, soil development, drainage patterns and distribution of natural resources. They are also economically significant because they contain iron ore, manganese, gold, coal, limestone, petroleum, natural gas and other minerals. Understanding rock systems of India is therefore essential for studying its geological structure, physical landscape, mineral resources, agriculture and industrial development.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rock System of India Meaning<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The rock system of India represents diverse geological formations created during different periods, providing the foundation for the country\u2019s relief, mineral resources, soils, drainage and economic activities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India possesses a highly complex geological structure because its landmass has evolved through several geological eras.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ancient crystalline rocks form the foundation of the Peninsular region, while younger sedimentary, volcanic and alluvial formations occur across different parts of the country. The major rock systems of India are generally studied in chronological order:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Archaean Rock System<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dharwar Rock System<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cuddapah Rock System<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vindhyan Rock System<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gondwana Rock System<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deccan Trap<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tertiary Rock System<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quaternary Rock System<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Together, these formations provide evidence of India's geological evolution and help explain the distribution of mountains, plateaus, plains, minerals, soils and natural resources.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rock System of India Geological Classification<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Geological classification of the rock system of India follows their relative age, origin, composition, structural characteristics and distribution across the major geological regions of the country.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 86.8579%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 15.2228%\"><b>Rock System<\/b><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 39.0912%\"><b>Geological Character<\/b><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 51.6264%\"><b>Major Resources\/Significance<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2228%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Archaean<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 39.0912%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.6264%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Iron ore, gold, manganese and other minerals<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2228%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dharwar<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 39.0912%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Highly metamorphosed formations<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.6264%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Iron ore, manganese, gold<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2228%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cuddapah<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 39.0912%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Predominantly sedimentary formations<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.6264%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Limestone, quartzite and other minerals<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2228%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vindhyan<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 39.0912%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Extensive sedimentary formations<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.6264%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Limestone, sandstone and building materials<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2228%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gondwana<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 39.0912%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Continental sedimentary formations<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.6264%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Major coal deposits<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2228%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deccan Trap<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 39.0912%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Extensive basaltic lava formations<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.6264%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Black soil and plateau formation<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2228%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tertiary<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 39.0912%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Younger sedimentary formations<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.6264%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Petroleum, natural gas, coal and other resources<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 15.2228%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quaternary<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 39.0912%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Recent alluvial and unconsolidated deposits<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 51.6264%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fertile plains, agriculture and groundwater<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30286 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24131642\/ROCK-SYSTEM-1.png\" alt=\"Rock System of India\" width=\"851\" height=\"1061\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24131642\/ROCK-SYSTEM-1.png 1123w, https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24131642\/ROCK-SYSTEM-1-768x957.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 851px) 100vw, 851px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Archaean Rock System<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Archaean Rock System comprises some of India\u2019s oldest geological formations and forms much of the ancient crystalline basement underlying the Peninsular region and its mineral-rich landscapes. Major Features.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It represents the oldest major rock formation in India's geological history.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These rocks are largely crystalline and metamorphic in character.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Common rocks include gneiss, granite, schist and related crystalline formations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They have undergone repeated processes of folding, metamorphism, intrusion and erosion.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Large areas of the Peninsular Plateau are underlain by rocks belonging to this ancient geological foundation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These formations are particularly important for metallic mineral resources.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Distribution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Archaean formations occur extensively in parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and adjoining Peninsular regions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Economic Importance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The Archaean rocks are associated with important deposits of Iron ore, Manganese, Gold, Copper and other metallic minerals<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They therefore provide an important geological base for India's mining and metallurgical industries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30287 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24131834\/ROCK-SYSTEM-2.png\" alt=\"Rock System of India\" width=\"869\" height=\"1197\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24131834\/ROCK-SYSTEM-2.png 1068w, https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24131834\/ROCK-SYSTEM-2-768x1059.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 869px) 100vw, 869px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dharwar Rock System<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Dharwar Rock System consists largely of ancient metamorphosed formations and is particularly significant because several major metallic mineral belts of Peninsular India occur within or around these geological formations. Major Features<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Dharwar system developed from older rocks that underwent sedimentation, igneous activity, folding and metamorphism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It contains schists, quartzites, phyllites and banded iron formations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The rocks are generally more altered and structurally complex than many younger formations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The system is particularly prominent in the southern and central parts of the Peninsular Shield.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Distribution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Important Dharwar formations occur in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and some other parts of the Peninsular region<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Economic Importance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The Dharwar formations are particularly important for iron ore, manganese, gold, and other metallic minerals.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hutti and Kolar gold regions of Karnataka are important examples associated with the mineral-rich geological environment of the Dharwar region.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30288 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24131937\/ROCK-SYSTEM-3.png\" alt=\"Rock System of India\" width=\"776\" height=\"798\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24131937\/ROCK-SYSTEM-3.png 1237w, https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24131937\/ROCK-SYSTEM-3-768x790.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 776px) 100vw, 776px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cuddapah Rock System<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Cuddapah Rock System consists mainly of ancient sedimentary formations deposited in extensive basins, with important occurrences of limestone, shale, quartzite and related rocks. Major Features<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The system is younger than the Archaean and Dharwar formations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It consists predominantly of sedimentary rocks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Important rock types include limestone, shale, quartzite, slate, and related formations<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The formations developed within broad sedimentary basins.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Cuddapah Basin is one of its most prominent areas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Distribution:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The system is mainly associated with Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, parts of Rajasthan and other peninsular regions<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Economic Importance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Cuddapah rocks are economically important because they contain limestone, quartzite, building stones, and other industrial minerals.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Limestone is particularly important for the cement and construction industries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30289 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24132140\/ROCK-SYSTEM-4.png\" alt=\"Rock System of India\" width=\"745\" height=\"914\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24132140\/ROCK-SYSTEM-4.png 1132w, https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24132140\/ROCK-SYSTEM-4-768x942.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 745px) 100vw, 745px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vindhyan Rock System<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Vindhyan Rock System is a widespread sedimentary formation of central India, consisting mainly of sandstone, limestone and shale and contributing substantially to construction and industrial resources. Major Features<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is predominantly sedimentary.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Major rocks include Sandstone, Limestone, Shale<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The formations are generally well stratified.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They cover extensive areas of central and northwestern India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The system preserves important evidence of India's geological history.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Distribution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Major occurrences are found in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and adjoining regions<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Vindhyan ranges and adjoining plateau areas are particularly associated with these formations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Economic Importance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Vindhyan formations are important sources of Limestone, Sandstone, Building stones, and industrial raw materials<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Limestone deposits support the cement industry, while sandstone is widely used for construction and architectural purposes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gondwana Rock System<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Gondwana Rock System consists mainly of continental sedimentary formations and is especially important because it contains extensive coal-bearing strata that support India\u2019s energy and industrial sectors. Major Features<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gondwana formations are considerably younger than the ancient crystalline formations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They are predominantly sedimentary.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Important rocks include Sandstone, Shale, Coal, conglomerates and associated sedimentary rocks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They developed largely within subsiding continental basins.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plant remains accumulated in swampy environments and subsequently contributed to coal formation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Distribution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Important Gondwana formations occur in several major river valleys and coal-bearing basins, including Damodar Valley, Mahanadi Valley, Son Valley, Godavari Valley, and Wardha Valley.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Major Coalfields<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Important coalfields associated with Gondwana formations include Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Singrauli, Korba, Talcher, Ib Valley, and Godavari Valley.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Economic Importance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: The most important resource associated with the Gondwana system is coal. Therefore, Gondwana formations have played a major role in India's<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thermal power generation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Iron and steel industry<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Industrial development<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Energy supply<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30290 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24143228\/ROCK-SYSTEM-5.png\" alt=\"Rock System of India\" width=\"750\" height=\"706\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24143228\/ROCK-SYSTEM-5.png 1292w, https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24143228\/ROCK-SYSTEM-5-768x724.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Deccan Trap<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Deccan Trap is a vast volcanic formation created by successive basaltic lava flows, producing extensive plateau landscapes and contributing to the development of black-soil regions across parts of western and central India. Major Features<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is mainly composed of basaltic rocks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The formation resulted from extensive volcanic eruptions during the Late Cretaceous or early Paleogene period.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Successive lava flows produced characteristic step-like topography.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The term \u201ctrap\u201d is derived from a Scandinavian word associated with steps, reflecting this stepped landscape.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The rocks are often arranged in successive horizontal or gently inclined lava layers.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Distribution:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Deccan Trap covers large areas of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Telangana, and parts of Andhra Pradesh.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Importance of Deccan Trap:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The weathering of basalt has contributed to the formation of black soils, which are particularly suitable for crops such as cotton.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Deccan Trap also strongly influences Plateau relief, Drainage, Soil development, Agriculture, Groundwater occurrence, and regional landscape.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30291 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24143447\/ROCK-SYSTEM-6.png\" alt=\"Rock System of India\" width=\"786\" height=\"828\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24143447\/ROCK-SYSTEM-6.png 1222w, https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24143447\/ROCK-SYSTEM-6-768x809.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 786px) 100vw, 786px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tertiary Rock System<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tertiary Rock System comprises comparatively younger geological formations associated with the Himalayan region, northeastern India, coastal areas and several sedimentary basins formed during later stages of India\u2019s geological evolution. Major Features<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These formations are much younger than the ancient Peninsular rocks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They are predominantly associated with sedimentary environments.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Their formation is closely linked with the geological development of the Himalayan and extra-Peninsular regions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They include sedimentary sequences deposited in marine, deltaic and terrestrial environments.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Distribution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Important Tertiary formations occur in the Himalayan region, Assam, Northeastern India, Jammu and Kashmir region, Coastal and offshore sedimentary basins, and other younger geological zones.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Economic Importance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Tertiary formations are important because several sedimentary basins contain Petroleum, Natural gas, Coal, Limestone, Other sedimentary resources.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The petroleum and natural-gas-bearing formations of Assam and other northeastern regions are particularly significant.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quaternary Rock System<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Quaternary Rock System represents India\u2019s youngest major geological deposits and consists mainly of unconsolidated sediments deposited by rivers, glaciers, wind and coastal processes. Major Features<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quaternary deposits include Alluvium, Sand, Silt, Clay, Gravel, Recent river and floodplain deposits.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These formations are especially extensive across the Northern Plains and major river valleys.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Distribution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Major areas include the Indus Basin, Ganga Basin, Brahmaputra Valley, Northern Plains, Coastal plains, River Deltas, and some arid and semi-arid depositional areas<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Economic Importance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Quaternary deposits are extremely important for agriculture because they form the basis of the fertile alluvial soils of the Northern Plains.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They support intensive cultivation of Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane, Pulses, Oilseeds, Jute and other crops<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They also influence groundwater availability, settlement patterns and riverine <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/ecosystem\/\" target=\"_blank\">ecosystems<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30292 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24143623\/ROCK-SYSTEM-7.png\" alt=\"Rock System of India\" width=\"794\" height=\"890\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24143623\/ROCK-SYSTEM-7.png 1184w, https:\/\/vajiramias.sgp1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com\/wp\/upsc-exam\/2026\/09\/24143623\/ROCK-SYSTEM-7-768x861.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 794px) 100vw, 794px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rock System of India Economic Importance<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The economic importance of the rock system of India extends from mineral extraction and energy production to agriculture, construction, groundwater availability and industrial development. Major Contributions<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Metallic minerals:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Ancient crystalline and metamorphic formations are associated with iron, manganese, gold and other metallic minerals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Coal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Gondwana formations provide major coal-bearing strata.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Petroleum and natural gas:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Several younger sedimentary basins contain hydrocarbon resources.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Construction materials:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Sandstone, limestone, granite and other rocks support construction activities.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Cement industry<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Limestone-bearing formations provide essential raw material.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Agriculture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Deccan basalt contributes to black-soil development, while Quaternary deposits support fertile alluvial soils.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Groundwater<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Rock permeability, fractures and geological structures influence groundwater storage and movement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Industrial development<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Mineral-rich regions have encouraged mining, metallurgy, power generation and manufacturing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rock System of India and Physiography of India<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The rock system of India provides the geological foundation for India\u2019s major physiographic divisions, influencing the formation of plateaus, mountains, plains, valleys, soils and drainage systems. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The relationship can be understood through these examples:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Peninsular Plateau<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Primarily based on ancient crystalline and sedimentary formations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Deccan Plateau<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Strongly influenced by the basaltic Deccan Trap.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Northern Plains<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Developed over thick layers of Quaternary alluvial deposits.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Himalayas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Characterised by younger and structurally complex formations associated with tectonic activity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Coal-bearing valleys:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Closely associated with Gondwana sedimentary formations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Coastal and offshore regions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: Include younger sedimentary deposits.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rock System of India and Impact of Climate Change on Geological Processes<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate change can influence the rock system of India indirectly by altering temperature, rainfall, weathering, erosion, groundwater processes and the stability of exposed geological formations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Enhanced weathering:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Rising temperatures and changing moisture conditions can accelerate physical and chemical weathering of exposed rocks in some regions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Increased erosion:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> More intense rainfall and extreme precipitation can increase erosion of weathered rock surfaces, particularly in the Himalayas, plateaus and river valleys.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Glacial retreat:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Warming in the Himalayan region can alter freeze\u2013thaw processes, slope stability and sediment generation from mountainous rock formations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Freeze\u2013thaw changes:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Changes in temperature around the freezing point can modify mechanical weathering in high-altitude Himalayan rocks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Chemical weathering:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Changes in rainfall, soil moisture and atmospheric CO\u2082 can influence chemical reactions between water and minerals.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Landslides and mass wasting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Intense rainfall combined with geological weaknesses, joints and fractures can increase slope instability in mountainous regions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Groundwater impacts:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Changes in rainfall and recharge can affect groundwater interaction with porous and fractured rocks, particularly in sedimentary and hard-rock regions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Coastal impacts:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Sea-level rise and stronger coastal processes can increase erosion and weathering of coastal rock formations and cliffs.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rock System of India and Influence on Climate Change<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over geological timescales, the rock system of India, or India\u2019s geology for that matter, influences the carbon cycle and regional environmental conditions mainly through its effects on carbon storage, weathering, soils, groundwater, vegetation and the distribution of ecosystems and resources.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Carbon storage through weathering:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Chemical weathering of silicate-bearing rocks consumes atmospheric CO\u2082 <\/span><b>over geological timescales<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and transfers carbon into dissolved and mineral forms.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Basalt and CO\u2082 removal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Basaltic formations such as the <\/span><b>Deccan Traps<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> contain minerals that react with CO\u2082 during chemical weathering and mineralisation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Rock\u2013soil relationship:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Different rock types produce different soils, influencing vegetation, agriculture and terrestrial carbon storage.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Groundwater storage:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Porous sedimentary formations and fractured crystalline rocks provide groundwater reservoirs that support vegetation and ecosystems, indirectly affecting <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/carbon-sequestration\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>carbon sequestration<\/strong>.<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Influence on vegetation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Geological formations influence soil nutrients, drainage and landscape characteristics, thereby shaping forests and other carbon-storing ecosystems.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mineral resources and emissions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Rock systems contain coal, petroleum, natural gas and minerals. Their extraction and use, particularly fossil fuels, contribute significantly to <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/greenhouse-gases\/\" target=\"_blank\">greenhouse-gas<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> emissions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Topography and climate interactions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Geological structures create mountains, plateaus, and basins that influence rainfall patterns, drainage, winds, and local climatic conditions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Long-term carbon cycle:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Rock formation, weathering, sedimentation and mineralisation form part of the geological carbon cycle, which regulates atmospheric CO\u2082 over very long timescales.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rock System of India Challenges<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The challenges to India\u2019s rock system arise from natural geological processes and human activities such as mining, construction, quarrying and climate-related changes that accelerate rock degradation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mining and quarrying:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Intensive extraction of coal, iron ore, limestone, bauxite and other minerals disturbs geological formations and alters natural landscapes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Unscientific blasting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Blasting during mining, quarrying and infrastructure construction can increase fractures and destabilise surrounding rock structures.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Soil and rock erosion:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Intense rainfall, river action, wind and surface runoff progressively erode exposed rocks, particularly in fragile and highly weathered regions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Landslides in the Himalayas:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Geological faults, fractures and weak rock formations combined with heavy rainfall, earthquakes and construction activity increase slope instability.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Climate change:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Changing rainfall patterns, increasing temperatures, glacier retreat and extreme weather events can modify weathering, erosion and mass-movement processes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Urbanisation and infrastructure development:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Roads, tunnels, dams, railways and settlements can modify natural slopes and expose or disturb geological formations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Geological and hydrogeological stress:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Excessive groundwater extraction can alter groundwater\u2013rock interactions and contribute to land and ecosystem degradation in vulnerable regions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Coastal erosion and sea-level rise:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Coastal rock formations are increasingly exposed to wave action, storm surges and changing sea levels.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Deforestation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Removal of vegetation reduces protection against surface runoff and erosion, accelerating the degradation of weathered rock and soil layers.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Geological hazards:<\/b> <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/earthquake\/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquakes<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, volcanic activity, fault movements and other tectonic processes can fracture, deform or destabilise rock formations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Unplanned tourism:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Construction of roads, hotels and other facilities in mountain and coastal regions can disturb fragile geological landscapes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Loss of geological heritage:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Unregulated extraction, construction and land-use changes can damage scientifically important geological formations, fossil sites and landscapes.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rock System of India Way Forward<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To preserve the rock system of India, India needs to take some major steps described below.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promote scientific and sustainable mining based on geological assessments.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prepare geological hazard and landslide susceptibility maps before major infrastructure projects.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Regulate blasting, quarrying and excavation in ecologically sensitive areas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strengthen slope stabilisation, afforestation and watershed management.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Integrate geological information into land-use and infrastructure planning.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monitor climate-induced changes in Himalayan, coastal and other vulnerable geological regions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Promote geological parks and geoheritage conservation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encourage restoration of abandoned mines and degraded quarrying sites.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Combine modern geological research with local knowledge for region-specific management.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rock System of India UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Q1.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In which of the following regions of India are shale gas resources found? <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2016)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Cambay Basin<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Cauvery Basin<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Krishna-Godavari Basin<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Select the correct answer using the code given below.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a) 1 and 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">b) 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">c) 2 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">d) 1, 2 and 3\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (d)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Q2.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> With reference to two non-conventional energy sources called \u2018coalbed methane\u2019 and \u2018shale gas\u2019, consider the following statements: <\/span><b>(UPSC Prelims 2014)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Coalbed methane is the pure methane gas extracted from coal seams, while shale gas is a mixture of propane and butane only that can be extracted from fine-grained sedimentary rocks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In India, abundant coalbed methane sources exist, but so far no shale gas sources have been found.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of the statements given above are correct?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a) 1 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">b) 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">c) Both 1 and 2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">d) Neither 1 nor 2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (d)<\/b><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The rock system of India includes the Archaean, Dharwar, Cuddapah, Vindhyan, Gondwana, Deccan Trap, Tertiary, and Quaternary formations. Read about their features and relation with climate change.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":30306,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,24],"tags":[40,2066,620],"class_list":["post-30283","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-upsc-notes","category-upsc-geography-notes","tag-quest","tag-rock-system-of-india","tag-upsc-geography-notes"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30283","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/35"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30283"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30283\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30319,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30283\/revisions\/30319"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30306"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30283"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30283"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30283"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}