{"id":30638,"date":"2026-10-05T17:59:01","date_gmt":"2026-10-05T12:29:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=30638"},"modified":"2026-10-05T17:59:01","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T12:29:01","slug":"vajrayana-buddhism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/vajrayana-buddhism\/","title":{"rendered":"Vajrayana Buddhism, Meaning, Founder, Practices, Books, Deities"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Vajrayana Buddhism<\/strong>, or the \u201cDiamond Vehicle\u201d, is an esoteric tradition that emerged within the wider Mahayana Buddhist tradition in India. It is distinguished by its emphasis on tantric practices, mantras, mudras, meditation, visualisation, and initiation by a spiritual teacher as means of attaining enlightenment. Its development marked a significant evolution in Buddhist thought and practice, particularly in medieval India.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A distinctive feature of Vajrayana is its use of tantric methods to transform ordinary experiences, emotions and perceptions into supports for spiritual practice and awakening. From its Indian roots, Vajrayana spread to Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia, and parts of Central and East Asia, giving rise to diverse traditions. In Tibet, Vajrayana became integrated into several major Buddhist traditions, especially the Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya and Gelug schools.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism (Tantric Buddhism) Origin<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism emerged in India between the sixth and eleventh centuries CE. It evolved in the later stages of Indian <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\">Buddhism<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, when Mahayana teachings began to combine ritual, meditation, mantra recitation, mandalas, and tantric literature.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is not completely independent from Mahayana Buddhism. Instead, it is widely regarded as a specialised, esoteric branch of Mahayana Buddhism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana practitioners and Mahayana Buddhists have the same ultimate goal: Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. However, Vajrayana asserts that sophisticated tantric methods, when practised under the supervision of a skilled teacher, can speed spiritual advancement.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism Meaning<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The term \"Vajrayana\" combines \"vajra\", meaning \"diamond\", \"adamantine\", or \"thunderbolt\", with \"y\u0101na\", meaning \u201cvehicle\u201d or \"path\". Thus, Vajrayana is commonly translated as the \u201cDiamond Vehicle\", \u201cAdamantine Vehicle\", or \u201cThunderbolt Vehicle\". The vajra symbolises something indestructible, powerful, clear, and pure. In Vajrayana thought, it commonly symbolises the indestructible, adamantine quality of awakened wisdom and the inseparability of method and wisdom.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism Founder<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There is no single historical founder of Vajrayana Buddhism in the same sense as Gautama Buddha being the founder of Buddhism. Vajrayana gradually developed within the broader Mahayana Buddhist tradition, particularly in India between approximately the 6th and 8th centuries CE, although its roots and development span a longer period.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism Other Names<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism is also known as the Diamond Vehicle, Thunderbolt Vehicle, and a variety of other traditional and descriptive terms. Common alternate names include the following:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Tantric Buddhism: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is named for its usage of Buddhist tantras (scriptures that outline ritual and yogic practices).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Esoteric Buddhism: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buddhist traditions that employ specialised ritual, meditation and tantric practices transmitted through initiation and teacher-guided instruction.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mantrayana (\"Mantra Vehicle\"): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Emphasises the central practice of chanting sacred sounds (mantras) to concentrate the mind.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Guhyamantrayana (\"Secret Mantra Vehicle\"):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A traditional designation emphasising the esoteric or secret transmission of tantric Buddhist teachings and practices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Tantrayana (\"Tantra Vehicle\"): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another direct reference to tantric ritual practice.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism Symbol<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the most important symbols of Vajrayana Buddhism is the vajra. A vajra is a ritual object shaped like a sceptre or thunderbolt. During rituals, practitioners often use a vajra along with a bell. The vajra symbolises indestructibility and awakened awareness. When paired with the bell, the vajra commonly represents skilful means or compassionate method, while the bell represents wisdom; together they symbolise the unity of method and wisdom.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism Beliefs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana retains the fundamental teachings of Buddhism while developing distinctive tantric methods. It accepts core Buddhist and Mahayana teachings. Its core beliefs include the following:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>The Diamond (Vajra): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The vajra symbolises the indestructible or adamantine nature of reality and awakened awareness. Vajrayana philosophy remains grounded in the Mahayana understanding of emptiness (\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Buddha-Nature:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Many Vajrayana traditions draw on the Mahayana doctrine of Buddha-nature, understood in different ways across Buddhist philosophical traditions as the potential or basis for awakening.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Turning Poison into Medicine:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Vajrayana employs transformative practices in which afflictive emotions and ordinary experiences can be transformed into wisdom rather than simply rejected. This principle is sometimes expressed metaphorically as \u201cturning poison into medicine\".<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Faster Enlightenment:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Vajrayana presents tantric practice as a potentially rapid path to Buddhahood, and some Vajrayana traditions hold that complete awakening may be attained within a single lifetime through advanced tantric practice.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism Practices<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism is characterised by a distinctive combination of tantric philosophy, ritual practice, and symbolic methods aimed at spiritual transformation. Its major characteristics include:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mantras:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Sacred syllables and formulas are repeatedly recited as part of meditation and ritual practice.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mudras:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Symbolic hand gestures are used during religious rituals and meditation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Mandalas:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Sacred geometric representations are used as visual aids for meditation and contemplation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Vajra Symbolism:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The vajra, symbolising indestructibility and spiritual power, is a central ritual object and gives the tradition its name. The bell (ghanta) is commonly paired with the vajra and represents wisdom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Guru\u2013Disciple Tradition:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Transmission of specialised teachings takes place through an established relationship between teacher and practitioner.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Bodhisattva Ideal:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Vajrayana retains the Mahayana emphasis on attaining enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Two-Truth Framework:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Vajrayana inherits the Mahayana distinction between conventional truth and ultimate truth and integrates it into its tantric philosophical framework.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism Deities<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism has a diverse range of Buddhas, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/bodhisattva\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bodhisattvas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, female deities, and tantric meditation deities, each representing particular dimensions of wisdom, compassion, or spiritual transformation. These figures are primarily understood as objects of visualisation and meditation, rather than creator gods.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Vairocana:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Associated with the Dharmadh\u0101tu and the all-encompassing nature of Buddhist wisdom; one of the Five Cosmic Buddhas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Akshobhya:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Represents the transformation of anger into mirror-like wisdom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Ratnasambhava:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Associated with equanimity and the transformation of pride into wisdom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Amitabha:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Represents discriminating wisdom and is associated with the Pure Land of Sukhavati.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Amoghasiddhi:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Associated with accomplishing enlightened activity and transforming jealousy into wisdom.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism Schools<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet developed into four major schools\u2014Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. Although all four share the broader Buddhist teachings, they differ in their historical lineages and particular systems of practice.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Nyingma:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The oldest major Tibetan Buddhist tradition, tracing its origins to the first period of Buddhist transmission to Tibet in the eighth and ninth centuries. It is strongly associated with Padmasambhava and is particularly known for Dzogchen (Great Perfection) teachings.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Kagyu:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Established through an oral or \u201cwhispered\u201d lineage, with the Indian yogi Tilopa as an important source of its specific practices. Its teachings emphasise Vajrayana tantric practices and Mahamudra, with figures such as Naropa, Marpa, Milarepa and Gampopa playing major roles in its transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Sakya:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Founded in the 11th century, the tradition takes its name from Sakya Monastery, established in 1073 by Kh\u00f6n K\u00f6nchok Gyalpo. Its distinctive teaching system is Lamdre (\u201cPath and Its Fruit\u201d).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Gelug:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The youngest of the four major Tibetan Buddhist traditions, founded by Tsongkhapa (1357\u20131419). Tsongkhapa established Ganden Monastery in 1409. The tradition emphasises monastic discipline, philosophical study and the Lamrim (\u201cStages of the Path\u201d).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism Spread<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism spread beyond its Indian roots through tantric teachers, monastic networks, royal patronage, and the movement of Buddhist texts and practices. The major stages of its spread can be summarised as follows:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Eastern Indian Centres:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Eastern and northeastern Indian regions, particularly Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Assam, became important centres of Buddhist tantric practice, while Kashmir also played a major role in the development and transmission of tantric Buddhism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Tibetan Transmission:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Vajrayana teachings moved from India into Tibet, particularly through Indian tantric teachers and Buddhist scholars.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Padmasambhava:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Indian master Padmasambhava is traditionally associated with transmitting tantric Buddhist teachings to Tibet and became an important figure in the formation of Tibetan Buddhism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Teacher\u2013Disciple Networks:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Indian gurus and their Tibetan disciples helped transmit tantric teachings, rituals, and practices across the Himalayas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Cultural Adaptation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In Tibet, Indian Buddhist traditions interacted with existing Tibetan religious and cultural traditions and developed distinctive Tibetan forms of Buddhism.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Wider Himalayan Influence:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Vajrayana traditions developed distinctive forms in the Himalayan region, including Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan, while Tibetan Buddhism later became highly influential in Mongolia and other parts of Inner Asia.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism vs Mahayana Buddhism<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Both Vajrayana Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism share core Mahayana ideals such as the Bodhisattva path, compassion and pursuit of Buddhahood, but differ in their methods, emphasis and forms of practice.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 98.7971%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 16.3327%\"><b>Aspect<\/b><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 36.0721%\"><b>Mahayana Buddhism<\/b><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"tb-color\" style=\"width: 45.491%\"><b>Vajrayana Buddhism<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3327%\">\r\n<p><b>Nature<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 36.0721%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Broad Buddhist tradition emphasising the Bodhisattva path<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 45.491%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tantric\/esoteric development of Mahayana<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3327%\">\r\n<p><b>Goal<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 36.0721%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Attainment of Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 45.491%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Same goal, pursued through specialised tantric methods<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3327%\">\r\n<p><b>Approach<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 36.0721%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Emphasises wisdom, compassion, meditation and philosophical cultivation<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 45.491%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Adds tantric rituals, visualisation and symbolic practices<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3327%\">\r\n<p><b>Key Practices<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 36.0721%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Meditation, ethical conduct, study of sutras and cultivation of the six perfections<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 45.491%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mantras, mudras, mandalas, deity visualisation and tantric meditation<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3327%\">\r\n<p><b>Role of Teacher<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 36.0721%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Teachers are important for instruction and transmission.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 45.491%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guru\/teacher has a particularly central role in initiation and tantric transmission<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3327%\">\r\n<p><b>Texts<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 36.0721%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Primarily Mahayana sutras such as the Prajnaparamita and Lotus Sutra<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 45.491%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Includes Mahayana sutras as well as Tantras and related esoteric texts<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3327%\">\r\n<p><b>Symbolism<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 36.0721%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Uses Buddhist symbols and images<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 45.491%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Makes extensive use of vajra, bell, mandalas and tantric deity imagery<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.3327%\">\r\n<p><b>Geographical Association<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 36.0721%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Historically widespread across East and Central Asia<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 45.491%\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Associated with Tibet, the Himalayan region and Mongolian\/Tibetan Buddhist traditions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism Books<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Important texts associated with Vajrayana include a large body of Tantras, commentaries and ritual manuals. Some well-known works and collections include:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Guhyasam\u0101ja Tantra<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hevajra Tantra<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cakrasa\u1e43vara Tantra<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">K\u0101lacakra Tantra<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vajrayana Buddhism Decline<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The decline of Vajrayana Buddhism in India was gradual and resulted from a combination of institutional, political, and social changes rather than a single event.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Decline of Monastic Institutions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The destruction and decline of major Buddhist monastic centres such as Nalanda, Vikramashila and Odantapuri severely disrupted institutional networks supporting Buddhist education, scholarship and tantric transmission.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Loss of Royal Patronage:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The weakening of Buddhist-supporting political powers, particularly after the decline of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/all-about-pala-dynasty\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Pala dynasty<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, reduced financial and institutional support for major monasteries.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Competition and Assimilation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Buddhism also experienced increasing competition and interaction with other religious traditions, while the weakening of its monastic institutions, changes in patronage and political upheavals reduced its institutional presence in much of India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vajrayana Buddhism is an esoteric tradition that emerged within the wider Mahayana Buddhist tradition in India. Read about Vajrayana, Meaning, Founder, Practices.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":30650,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,18],"tags":[40,1085,2096],"class_list":["post-30638","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-upsc-notes","category-upsc-ancient-history-notes","tag-quest","tag-upsc-ancient-history-notes","tag-vajrayana-buddhism"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30638","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30638"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30638\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30661,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30638\/revisions\/30661"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30650"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30638"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30638"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30638"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}