{"id":31416,"date":"2026-10-28T17:55:39","date_gmt":"2026-10-28T12:25:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=31416"},"modified":"2026-10-28T17:55:39","modified_gmt":"2026-10-28T12:25:39","slug":"literature-of-gupta-period","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/literature-of-gupta-period\/","title":{"rendered":"Literature of Gupta Period, Features, Sanskrit, Religious, Scientific"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The <strong>literature of Gupta Period<\/strong> is celebrated as the Golden Age of Indian literature, marking a time of remarkable cultural and intellectual progress. Under the patronage of enlightened rulers like Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta, Sanskrit literature reached its classical perfection, giving rise to timeless works of poetry, drama, and philosophy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eminent scholars such as Kalidasa, Vishakhadatta, and Bhasa enriched Sanskrit with their literary brilliance, while religious texts like the Puranas, Smritis, and refined versions of the Ramayana and Mahabharata deepened India\u2019s spiritual heritage. Alongside this literary flowering, scientific scholars like Aryabhata and Varahamihira advanced knowledge in astronomy and mathematics, making the Gupta era a true milestone in India\u2019s intellectual and literary history.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Literature of Gupta Period Features<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Gupta period is widely considered a golden age in literature due to the significant advancements in Sanskrit literature, which reached a cultural zenith with the flourishing of poetry, drama, and religious texts.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Flourishing of Sanskrit Literature:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Gupta Dynasty witnessed a remarkable growth of Sanskrit literature.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Literary luminaries like Kalidasa, the renowned poet and playwright, produced works of great beauty and sophistication.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Religious Literature Expanded:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Gupta period also saw the composition and compilation of important literature belonging to various religions.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hindu epics such as \"Ramayana\" and \"Mahabharata\" were refined and expanded, becoming the seminal texts of Hindu mythology.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Puranas, a significant genre of religious literature, were also compiled and developed during this period.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buddhist and Jain texts were also expanded during this time.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Support from the Gupta Empire:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Gupta rulers provided generous patronage to scholars, artists, and intellectuals.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They supported their work, offered them financial incentives, and provided them with resources and platforms to showcase their talents.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Such royal patronage created an atmosphere that encouraged creativity and nurtured intellectual endeavors.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kings like Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta patronised scholars.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Education and Universities:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/gupta-empire\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Gupta Empire<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> established renowned learning centres, such as the famous Nalanda and Taxila universities.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These centers drew scholars and students from all over the Indian subcontinent and distant regions, promoting the exchange of knowledge and ideas.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Scientific and Technical Writings:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Gupta era also saw a large body of literature dedicated to scientific expediency. Aryabhata and Varahamihira made immense contributions to it.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Compilation of Epics and Puranas:<\/strong> The great Hindu epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, reached their final, codified forms during this time. The 18 main Puranas (such as the Vishnu Purana and Matsya Purana) were also compiled to preserve myth, genealogy, and religious rituals.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Rise of Secular and Scientific Literature:<\/strong> Literature expanded beyond religion into grammar (Amarakosha by Amarasimha), statecraft and political drama (Visakhadatta's Mudrarakshasa), love and sociology (Vatsyayana's Kamasutra), and monumental scientific-astronomical texts (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/aryabhatta\/\" target=\"_blank\">Aryabhatta<\/a> <\/strong>and Varahamihira).<\/li>\r\n\t<li><span class=\"iNqyIf\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><strong class=\"rQesXe MPyX\" data-sfc-cp=\"\" data-sfc-root=\"c\" data-complete=\"true\"><span class=\"yADgie\">Bilingual or Multilingual Characters:<\/span><!--TgQPHd|||[]--><\/strong><span class=\"yADgie\"> In dramatic works, speech was divided by social class\u2014royal and upper-class characters spoke Sanskrit, while women, commoners, and lower classes (shudras) spoke Prakrit.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sanskrit Literature of Gupta Period<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sanskrit literature attained its highest stage of growth and refinement during the Gupta period. The evolution of the Sanskrit language and literature over several centuries and the sincere patronage of the kings led to a rise in the classical level of the Sanskrit language and literature during the Gupta period.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kalidasa<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He was a classical Sanskrit writer. He is considered the greatest poet and dramatist of the Gupta literature. He was a court poet in Chandragupta II's court. His six major works are:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Abhijnana Shankutalam:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A drama composed around the 5th century CE that is generally considered to be the greatest Indian literary work of any period.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Drawn from ancient legend, the story narrates how King Dushyanta is enchanted by the nymph Shakuntala, later denies her and their son, but is ultimately reunited with them in heaven.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Vikramorvasiyam:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A drama based on the Vedic love story of King Pururavas and celestial nymph Urvashi.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Malavikagnimitra:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It's a five-act Sanskrit drama.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It revolves around King Agnimitra\u2019s efforts and schemes to win the love of Malavika, a talented dancer he deeply admires.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Raghuvamsha:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Raghuvamsha is a significant Sanskrit epic poem by Kalidasa that details the lineage of the Raghu dynasty, highlighting the qualities of ideal kings and their responsibilities.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Raghuvamsha is renowned for its vivid descriptions and engaging sub-stories, which lend the poem an episodic and dynamic quality.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Kumarasambhava:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It is an epic poem that tells the story of the courtship of Lord Shiva and Parvati, their marriage, and the birth of their son, Kumara (also known as Kartikeya).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Meghadutam (The Cloud Messenger):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It is a masterpiece of Sanskrit literature that intertwines themes of love, separation, and nature\u2019s transcendent power.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This poignant tale follows a Yaksha, a celestial being exiled by the god Kubera, who entrusts a passing raincloud with a message for his beloved, who waits for him on Mount Kailasa.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vishakhadatta<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vishakhadatta wrote political and historical plays. His famous play was \u2018Mudrarakshasa\u2019, which literally means \u201cRing of the Demon\u201d. It's a<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0play about Chandragupta Maurya and Chanakya\u2019s diplomacy. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mudrarakshasa illustrates the astute political tactics employed to outwit and overcome opponents. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It also deals with the ascent of Chandragupta Maurya to the throne.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bhasa<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An earlier dramatist, but his works were performed and influential during the Gupta period.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">His major work includes Swapnavasavadattam (\"The Dream of Vasavadatta\").<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A love story set in a royal background.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bhasa\u2019s works inspired later Sanskrit dramatists, including Kalidasa.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amarasimha (Lexicography)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amarasimha is recognised in Vyakarana as an influential figure in literature of Gupta period, notable not only for his contributions as a lexicographer but also as a highly regarded grammarian.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amarasimha is renowned for his celebrated work Amarakosha, an ancient and comprehensive thesaurus of Sanskrit vocabulary.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This thesaurus continues to be a priceless reference for Sanskrit scholars and learners, reflecting the linguistic depth and elegance of the Gupta era.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Amarasimha\u2019s meticulous compilation highlights the linguistic richness of his time and his commitment to preserving the language for future generations.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He is one of Chandragupta II\u2019s Nine Gems.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Religious Literature of the Gupta Period<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The philosophical and religious developments of the Gupta Era had a lasting influence on Indian culture and beyond. The period witnessed the consolidation of Hindu traditions, the continued growth of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/buddhism\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Buddhism<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and the flourishing of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/jainism\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>Jainism<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, each contributing to the rich tapestry of Indian philosophical and spiritual thought.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Hindu Texts: <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bhagavata Purana, Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, etc., were written and expanded.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Smritis: Laws of Manu, Yajnavalkya Smriti, etc., were compiled.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Narada Smriti was also compiled in this period.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Buddhist Texts: <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Among Buddhist texts, the most important were the Jataka Tales, which were compiled in Sanskrit. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Buddhist scholars like Asanga and Vasubandhu also wrote Yogachara philosophy books.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Example:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Vasubandhu\u2019s \u201cAbhidharma-kosha\u201d is an important Buddhist text.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Jain Literature: <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jain scholars wrote commentaries on Agamas (Jain scriptures) in the Gupta period. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prakrit and Sanskrit Jain texts were also written in this period.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><b>Example:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Umaswati\u2019s \u201cTattvartha Sutra\u201d is an important Jain text from this period.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientific Literature of the Gupta Period<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Gupta Era\u2019s advancements in science and mathematics had a profound and lasting impact on both Indian and global intellectual traditions.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aryabhata (Mathematics &amp; Astronomy)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/aryabhatta\/\" target=\"_blank\">Aryabhata<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>was the earliest among the prominent mathematicians and astronomers of the classical period of Indian science.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Aryabhatiya:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It is a detailed text on mathematics and astronomy.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It elaborated on concepts such as zero, pi (\u03c0), trigonometry, the Earth\u2019s circumference, eclipses, and the motion of planets.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Khagol-shastra:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The part of the Aryabhatiya that deals with astronomy is known as the Khagol-shastra. Khagol was the famous astronomical observatory at Nalanda, where Aryabhatta studied.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Arya Siddhanta: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It focuses on astronomical calculations and provides detailed descriptions of various astronomical instruments, such as<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The gnomon (shanku-yantra)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A shadow instrument (chhaya-yantra)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Semicircular and circular angle-measuring devices (dhanur-yantra\/chakra-yantra)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A cylindrical stick called the yastiyantra<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An umbrella-shaped device (chhatra-yantra)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bow-shaped as well as cylindrical water clocks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Varahamihira (Astronomy &amp; Astrology)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Varahamihira, a distinguished astronomer, mathematician, and scholar of the Gupta period literature, is celebrated for his remarkable contributions to astronomy and astrology. His major works include<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Brihat Jataka:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It is especially distinguished for its focus on horoscopy, which examines the positions of celestial bodies at the moment of a person\u2019s birth.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Brihat Samhita:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A detailed book on astronomy, astrology, weather, and geography.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Panchasiddhantika: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The text serves as a treatise on mathematical astronomy, summarising five earlier astronomical works: the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta, and Paitamaha Siddhanta.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Frequently cited in disciplines like Vastushastra and Ayurveda, Varahamihira also enriched ritual traditions and literary expression through his use of refined poetic meters.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Varahamihira\u2019s legacy includes the systematic classification of ascetics within the field of astrology. He also made notable advancements in the methods of astronomical calculation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Literature of Gupta Period Significance<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Gupta period marked an important stage in the growth of Indian literary and intellectual traditions, particularly through the expansion of Sanskrit poetry, drama, religious texts, and scientific works.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Sanskrit Literature:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A remarkable growth of Sanskrit poetry, drama, and scholarly writing, giving the language a lasting place in India\u2019s classical literary tradition.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Literary Excellence:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Kalidasa\u2019s works such as Abhijnanashakuntalam and Meghaduta reflected refined poetry, imagination, and a deep engagement with nature and human emotions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Religious Traditions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Puranas and Smritis helped preserve religious ideas, myths, rituals, and social norms, shaping the development of later Hindu traditions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Scientific Knowledge:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Texts such as Aryabhata\u2019s Aryabhatiya strengthened India\u2019s contributions to mathematics and astronomy, including the study of planetary movements.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Cultural Continuity:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Gupta-era literary traditions influenced later Indian languages, literature, theatre, art and performing traditions, leaving a lasting cultural legacy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Literature of Gupta Period UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Q1:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> With reference to the scholars\/litterateurs of ancient India, consider the following statements: <b>(UPSC Prelims 2020)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Panini is associated with Pushyamitra<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Amarasimha is associated with Harshavardhana<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Kalidasa is associated with Chandra Gupta II<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(a) 1 and 2 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(b) 2 and 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(c) 3 only<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(d) 1, 2 and 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Ans: (c)<\/b><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Literature of Gupta Period is celebrated as the Golden Age of Indian literature, marked by extraordinary progress. Read about Gupta Literature, Features and other details.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":31446,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,23],"tags":[2161,40,619],"class_list":["post-31416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-upsc-notes","category-upsc-art-culture-notes","tag-literature-of-gupta-period","tag-quest","tag-upsc-art-and-culture-notes"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31416"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31431,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31416\/revisions\/31431"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31446"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}