{"id":31677,"date":"2026-11-03T18:14:53","date_gmt":"2026-11-03T12:44:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/?p=31677"},"modified":"2026-11-03T18:14:53","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T12:44:53","slug":"indira-gandhi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indira-gandhi\/","title":{"rendered":"Indira Gandhi (1917-84), Biography, Books, Death, Contributions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Indira Gandhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was India's first and, to date, only woman Prime Minister. She served from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984. Known for her strong leadership and central role in Indian politics, she influenced India's economic policies, agricultural development, foreign relations and national security.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Her tenure witnessed major developments, including the nationalisation of 14 major commercial banks in 1969, the 1971 war that resulted in the creation of Bangladesh, and the expansion of agricultural production associated with the Green Revolution. However, her political career was also marked by significant controversies, particularly the National Emergency of 1975\u20131977 and Operation Blue Star in 1984.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi Biography<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi was born on November 19, 1917, in Allahabad (Now Prayagraj), India, into a prominent political family. She was the daughter of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/jawaharlal-nehru\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Jawaharlal Nehru<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a key figure in the Indian independence movement and the first Prime Minister of India. Her mother, Kamala Nehru, was an active participant in the struggle for independence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi Early Life<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi grew up in a politically active household closely associated with India\u2019s freedom struggle. Her father was imprisoned several times during the independence movement, and she was exposed to nationalist politics from an early age.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Education:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> She was educated at Visva-Bharati University and then studied at the International School of Geneva in Switzerland. Later, she enrolled at Oxford, where she studied history, economics, and political science.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Personal Life:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> In 1942, Indira married Feroze Gandhi, a fellow Congress member and journalist, with whom she had two sons, Rajiv and Sanjay.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi Books<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi's writings provide insights into her political views, personal experiences and leadership.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Her notable works include <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Years of Challenge: Selected Speeches and Writings, 1966\u20131969<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Years of Endeavour: Selected Speeches and Writings, 1969\u20131972<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">My Truth<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Important biographies include Pupul Jayakar's <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi: A Biography<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and Katherine Frank's <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi Political Career<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi's political career developed gradually through her involvement in the Indian National Congress, her association with Jawaharlal Nehru and her participation in national political affairs. After India's independence in 1947, she assisted her father in various political and official responsibilities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi's Role in the Independence Movement<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">She participated in activities associated with the Indian independence movement during her childhood and youth. As a child, she formed Bal Charkha Sangh in 1930<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Vanar Sena: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 1930, she organised the Vanar Sena, a group of children who supported the Congress movement through activities such as distributing messages and assisting political volunteers.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Participation in Freedom Struggle: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/quit-india-movement\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Quit India Movement<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of 1942, she participated in nationalist activities and was arrested in September 1942. She was subsequently released in 1943.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Career in Indian National Congress<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi joined the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/foundation-of-indian-national-congress\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Indian National Congress<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in 1938 and became a member of the working committee of the Congress Party in 1955. In 1959, she was chosen to be President of the Special Session of INC. After Jawaharlal Nehru's death in 1964, <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/lal-bahadur-shastri\/#:~:text=Lal%20Bahadur%20Shastri%20was%20born,the%201930%20Civil%20Disobedience%20Movement.\" target=\"_blank\">Lal Bahadur Shastri<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> appointed her to the cabinet as the Minister of Communication and Broadcasting.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>3rd Prime Minister: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">After Shastri\u2019s death in January 1966, she defeated Morarji Desai in the Congress parliamentary leadership election and became the third <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/prime-minister\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Prime Minister<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and the first woman to hold the post.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Congress Split: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Indian National Congress formally split in November 1969 due to a severe power struggle and ideological divide between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the party's old-guard leadership known as the Syndicate.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Congress (I) \/ Indian National Congress (Indira): <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On January 2, 1978, Indira Gandhi and her followers split again to form a new party known as Congress (I) (the \"I\" standing for Indira).<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 1981, the Election Commission of India recognised her faction as the \"real\" Indian National Congress, which eventually dropped the \"I\" designation.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Prime Minister Indira Gandhi<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister on 24 January 1966 following the sudden death of Lal Bahadur Shastri. She became the first woman to hold the office in India. Her tenure included significant political, economic and international developments. Her government pursued policies aimed at strengthening the public sector, expanding agricultural production and increasing India's influence in international affairs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">First Term of Indira Gandhi<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Her first term began in 1966 amid economic challenges, food shortages, and political uncertainty. She strengthened the Congress organisation, centralised decision-making, and projected a strong leadership image. Major developments during this period included the 1969 nationalisation of 14 major banks, the abolition of privy purses in 1971, the 1971 India\u2013Pakistan War, and India\u2019s first nuclear test at Pokhran in 1974.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Second Term of Indira Gandhi<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi returned to power in January 1980 after forming the Congress (I). Her second term focused on political stability, economic recovery, and managing regional security challenges. However, this period also faced serious challenges, including separatist violence in Punjab, which led to Operation Blue Star in June 1984.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi Reforms and Contributions<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The era of Indira Gandhi's Prime Ministership was a pivotal phase in Indian history, marked by significant events and transformative policies. This phase witnessed the birth of Bangladesh, the emergency, and the economic and social reforms introduced during her tenure.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nationalisation of Banks<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of Indira Gandhi's most significant economic policies was the nationalisation of banks in 1969. In 1969, 14 major commercial banks were nationalised. This move aimed to control credit and increase access to financial resources for the rural poor.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">By nationalising the banks, she sought to align the banking sector<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">with the needs of the Indian economy, enhancing financial inclusion and supporting the government's developmental agenda.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 1980, Gandhi nationalised six more banks, further consolidating government control over the banking sector.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Abolition of Privy Purse<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Privy Purse was a monetary allowance granted to the former rulers of princely states who had acceded to the Indian Union after independence. The Privy Purse was initially guaranteed under Article 291 of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indian-constitution-features-and-significant-provisions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Indian Constitution<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. In 1971, Indira Gandhi introduced the 26th Amendment to the Indian Constitution, which sought to abolish the Privy Purse.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Economic Reform<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gandhi's economic policies combined socialist ideas with practical solutions. She introduced the Green Revolution during the 1960s, which boosted agricultural productivity. She also nationalised industries like coal, steel, copper, and insurance. Her policies aimed for self-sufficiency and less reliance on foreign aid. While some sectors saw growth, these measures also increased government control over the economy.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bangladesh Liberation War<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi played a pivotal role in the Bangladesh Liberation War, supporting the independence movement against Pakistan. The war between India and Pakistan in 1971 was triggered by political and economic discrimination against the Bengali-speaking population in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Root Causes and Escalation: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The refusal to grant power to the Awami League, despite their electoral win, led to widespread unrest. In response, the Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight, causing severe <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/human-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>human rights<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0abuses and mass displacement.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>India's Role and Intervention: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India intervened on December 3, 1971, after Pakistan's airstrikes, supporting Bengali nationalists and coordinating military efforts with them. The Indian Army decisively defeated Pakistani forces by December 16, resulting in Bangladesh's independence.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Impact: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The war strained India-Pakistan relations and had a high human cost, leading to the Shimla Agreement in 1972, which aimed to resolve post-war issues peacefully.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Twenty Point Programme<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Twenty Point Programme, launched in 1975, aimed to reduce poverty and boost socio-economic development. It focused on areas like poverty relief, agriculture, housing, and social welfare. The programme was updated in 1982, 1986, and 2006 with new schemes. It aligned with the UN's Millennium Development Goals and India's National Common Minimum Programme, showing Indira Gandhi's dedication to fighting poverty and inequality.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Garibi Hatao<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi's opponents used the slogan \"Indira Hatao\" (Remove Indira), to which she responded with \"Garibi Hatao\" (Remove Poverty). This slogan became central to her campaign, which focused on reducing poverty, creating jobs, and boosting agriculture as part of the Fifth Five-Year Plan. The Indian National Congress led the programme, with funding from the central government, and it helped her connect with poor and disadvantaged communities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Green Revolution<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">She played a decisive role in the Green Revolution by providing the political will and policy backing necessary for its success. As Prime Minister, she boldly authorised the import of high-yielding MX-500 wheat seeds, decentralised agricultural credit, and guaranteed price supports for farmers. Her decisive leadership turned India from a food-deficient nation into a self-sufficient agricultural power.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strengthening India\u2019s Global Presence<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi strengthened India\u2019s strategic position through the 1971 war victory, the 1974 Pokhran nuclear test, and assertive diplomacy during the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/cold-war\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>Cold War<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. She also oversaw the merger of Sikkim with India in 1974, further consolidating India\u2019s territorial and political position in the region.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nuclear Program Test<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India conducted its first\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/indias-nuclear-policy-and-nuclear-programmes\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>nuclear programme test<\/strong><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, codenamed \"Smiling Buddha,\" on May 18, 1974, in Pokhran, Rajasthan, under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's leadership. This made India the first non-P5 nation to successfully conduct a nuclear test, establishing it as a nuclear power.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This move was heavily criticised worldwide, and many sanctions were imposed on India. Despite international pressure, India refused to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) due to concerns about its fairness.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The test served as a deterrent for national security, showcased India\u2019s technological prowess, and marked its self-reliance in defence.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi's Controversies<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This phase of Indira Gandhi's Prime Ministership was marked by the <\/span><b>imposition of the Emergency<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and its far-reaching consequences. It included the nuclear programme, Operation Blue Star, and the tragic assassination.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The National Emergency<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the most contentious periods in Indira Gandhi's tenure was the declaration of a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/national-emergency-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>national emergency<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> from 1975 to 1977. Citing political instability and threats to national security, she suspended constitutional rights and imposed strict censorship.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Contributing Factors:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Key factors included economic strain from the Bangladesh crisis, the U.S. suspension of aid, soaring oil prices, and the Allahabad High Court verdict invalidating Indira's 1971 election for electoral malpractices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Unrest During Emergency: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Widespread protests, spearheaded by opposition leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan, accused Indira\u2019s government of authoritarianism, corruption, and mismanagement. Civil liberties were suspended, the media was censored, and political opponents were jailed. Additionally, controversial policies like the \"Compulsory Sterilisation Program\" aimed at controlling population growth caused widespread public anger.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Outcome: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 1977 general elections, held after the Emergency, were seen as a referendum on Indira Gandhi's rule, resulting in her defeat. This period exposed vulnerabilities in India\u2019s democracy, leading to key constitutional amendments such as the 42nd Amendment.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Operation Blue Star<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Operation Blue Star was a military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi to remove Sikh militants, including leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, from the Golden Temple in Amritsar. The operation resulted in significant casualties and damage to the sacred site, sparking widespread outrage among the Sikh community and leading to increased tensions. This incident ultimately contributed to her assassination on October 31, 1984, by her own bodyguards.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Centralisation of Power and Dismissal of State Governments<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi faced frequent accusations of centralising power within the Indian National Congress, marginalising regional leadership, and running the party in a top-down, personalised manner.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Early in her political rise (such as during her tenure as Congress president in 1959), she was instrumental in dismissing India's first democratically elected communist state government in Kerala.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Throughout her prime ministership, the federal centre frequently used constitutional provisions to dismiss rival state governments.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi Awards and Achievements<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi received national and international recognition for her political leadership and role in shaping India's domestic and foreign policies.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Bharat Ratna: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">She received the Bharat Ratna in 1971, India's highest civilian award. The recognition came during her premiership and followed the major political and strategic developments associated with the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Other Awards:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> She was awarded the Mexican Academy Award for her role in the Bangladesh Liberation. She also received the FAO\u2019s 2nd Annual Medal in 1973 and the Sahitya Vachaspati Nagari Pracharini Sabha honour in 1976.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, she won the Mother\u2019s Award (US) in 1953, Italy's Isabella d'Este Award for her diplomatic achievements, and Yale University's Howland Memorial Award.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> The Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) was established by an Act of Parliament in 1985 and named in her honour. Headquartered in New Delhi, IGNOU is a major institution for open and distance learning in India.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Indira Gandhi International Airport:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Indira Gandhi International Airport is located in New Delhi and is one of India's principal international aviation hubs. Named after Indira Gandhi, the airport serves as a major gateway for domestic and international passengers.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><b>Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum is located at 1 Safdarjung Road in New Delhi, in the former residence of Indira Gandhi. The residence was converted into a museum after her assassination in 1984.<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The museum preserves photographs, personal belongings and exhibits documenting her life, political career and the history of the Nehru-Gandhi family.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi Death<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984 in New Delhi by two of her Sikh bodyguards. The assassination was carried out in retaliation for Operation Blue Star. Her death led to large-scale violence against Sikhs in several parts of India. Her elder son, Rajiv Gandhi, succeeded her as Prime Minister.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Indira Gandhi UPSC PYQs<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p><b>Q1: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh. <\/span><b>(UPSC Mains 2013)<\/b><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Indira Gandhi was the first woman prime minister of India, serving four times as prime minister. Check about Indira Gandhi, biography, Books, Death &#038; Contributions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":31708,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,22],"tags":[2191,40,611],"class_list":["post-31677","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-upsc-notes","category-upsc-post-independence-history-of-india-notes","tag-indira-gandhi","tag-quest","tag-upsc-post-independence-india-notes"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31677","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31677"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31677\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31716,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31677\/revisions\/31716"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31708"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31677"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31677"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vajiramandravi.com\/upsc-exam\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31677"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}